we may assure ourselves,It is seen by manifest experience, that the more splendid bodies do much more irradiate than the lesse lucid. I say, that bodies shining with most lively light do irradiate, or beam forth rayes more by far than those that are of a more languishing light. I have many times seen Jupiter and Venus together twenty or thirty degrees distant from the Sun, and the air being very dark, Venus appeared eight or ten times bigger than Jupiter, being both beheld by the eye at liberty; but being beheld afterwards with the Telescope, the Discus of Jupiter discovered it self to be four or more times greater than that of Venus, but the vivacity of the splendour of Venus was incomparably bigger than the languishing light of Jupiter; which was only because of Jupiters being far from the Sun, and from us; and Venus neer to us, and to the Sun. These things premised, it will not be difficult to comprehend, how Mars, when it is in opposition to the Sun, and therefore neerer to the Earth by seven times, and more, than it is towards the conjunction, cometh to appear scarce four or five times bigger in that state than in this, when as it should appear more than fifty times so much; of which the only irradiation is the cause; for if we divest it of the adventitious rayes, we shall find it exactly augmented with the due proportion: but to take away the capillitious border,The Telescope is the best means to take away the irradiations of the Stars. the Telescope is the best and only means, which inlarging its Discus nine hundred or a thousand times, makes it to be seen naked and terminate, as that of the Moon,Another second reason of the small apparent increase of Venus. and different from it self in the two positions, according to its due proportions to an hair. Again, as to Venus, that in its vespertine conjunction, when it is below the Sun, ought to shew almost fourty times bigger than in the other matutine conjunction, and yet doth not appear so much as doubled; it happeneth, besides the effect of the irradiation, that it is horned; and its crescents, besides that they are sharp, they do receive the Suns light obliquely, and therefore emit but a faint splendour; so that as being little and weak, its irradiation becometh the lesse ample and vivacious, than when it appeareth to us with its Hemisphere all shining: but now the Telescope manifestly shews its hornes to have been as terminate and distinct as those of the Moon, and appear, as it were, with a great circle, and in a proportion those well neer fourty times greater than its same Discus, at such time as it is superiour to the Sun in its ultimate matutine apparition.
Sagr.Oh, Nicholas Copernicus, how great would have been thy joy to have seen this part of thy Systeme, confirmed with so manifest experiments!
Salv.Tis true.Copernicus perswaded by reasons contrary to sensible experiments. But how much lesse the fame of his sublime wit amongst the intelligent? when as it is seen, as I also said before, that he did constantly continue to affirm (being perswaded thereto by reason) that which sensible experiments seemed to contradict; for I cannot cease to wonder that he should constantly persist in saying, that Venus revolveth about the Sun, and is more than six
