PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. 281 to hold (3), because we see that the wealth of the rich produces less
- well-being ' than would the same amount distributed among many poor,
and (4) because more wealth is necessary to produce the same sum of ' well-being' in some than in others, i.e., both aim at that distribution of economic goods which is ' best in itself '. Thus the end implied in all four is ' to bring to a maximum that well-being which the enjoyment of ex- changeable goods procures,' not the promotion of moral, intellectual or aesthetic excellence. The adoption of this end as the standard of dis- tributive justice shows that it is regarded as the ' most important end ' ; and it is rightly so regarded, since it is both a necessary condition for, and itself (to some extent) inclusive of, the rest. III. That justice is commonly thought to require a different distribution from that which is of ' social utility ' is due to its identification with what ' social utility ' would require, if conditions were different (e.g., if people were not generally lazy and selfish) ; and private may follow a different rule from public justice (e.g., 4 instead of 1), just because it can see whether a particular man is an exception to these general conditions.] Etudes Critiques. Enseignement. Table des Matieres. Supplement. 10e Annee, No. 1, Janvier, 1902. L. Conturat. ' Sur la metaphysique de Leibniz ' (Avec un Opuscule Ine"dit). Xavier Lon. ' La philosophic de Fichte et la conscience contemporaine.' J. Wilbois. ' L'esprit positif ' (suite). Discussions. Enseignement. Supplement. No. 2. Mars, 1902. J. J. Gourd. ' Le sacrifice.' H. Delacroix. ' L'art et la vie interieure.' A. Landry. ' La responsabilite penale dans la doctrine utilitaire.' H. MacColl. ' Logique tabulaire.' Discussions. Etudes Critiques. En- seignement. Questions Pratiques. Supplement. No. 3. Mai, 1902. H. Poineare. ' Sur la valeur objective de la science.' F. Evillin. ' La dialectique des antinomies kantiennes.' Ch. Dunan ' La division des devoirs.' J. Wilbois. 'L'esprit positif (suite). Etudes Critiques. Questions Pratiques. Supplement. REVUE Nrio-ScoLASTiQUE. No. 30. J. Halleux (' L'Hypothese evolu- tionniste en Morale,' suite et fin) resumes and completes his criticism of Mr. Spencer's account of the relation of evolution to morals. Mr. Halleux argues (1) that in grouping indifferently under the name of moral conduct all the actions of man and beast which tend to the conservation and development of life Mr. Spencer has lost sight of the true character- istics of morality ; (2) that the law of evolution determining the parallel progress of structure, function and conduct is far from being as absolute as Mr. Spencer thinks ; (3) that though it is true to say that man tends to happiness by an essential law of his being, Mr. Spencer has quite mis- apprehended the true import of this tendency ; (4) that Mr. Spencer's strictures on those moralists who seek for the distinction of good and evil elsewhere than in the nature of things have no bearing on theological morality. He further criticises Mr. Spencer's considerations of conduct from the physical, psychical, biological and sociological points of view. Gr. Legrand (' La renommee posthume d' Alfred de Vigny ') inquires into the causes which have led to the recent revival of interest in the writings of Alfred de Vigny. De Vigny was a romanticist and a realist, but, above all, he was a symbolist, and it is to the symbolical character of his works that the present revival is due. M. De Wulf (' Augustinisme et Aristotelisnie au XHIe siecle) refuses to pass the list of Augustinian elements in the earlier form of scholasticism as drawn up by P. Man- "donnet, according to whom the absence of a formal distinction between philosophy and theology ; the superiority of the good to the true, and the analogous superiority of the will to the intelligence in both God and man ; the need of a special illumination from God for the accomplishment of
