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444 PHILOSOPHICAL PERIODICALS. element. The discussion concludes with an investigation of the " intel- lectual feelings ".] A. Velardita. ' Herbert Spencer e 1'Evoluzionismo.' [Evolution, it must be remembered, is only a hypothesis containing two parts, gradation and transformation ; and it is contended that the latter is inadmissible. Extracts quoted from the works of Spencer, Haeckel and Professor Gasca show that they diti'er in important details, and further, it is added that "Virchow does not admit Evolutionary trans- formation in Spencer's sense, while geological experts (Agassiz, Bianconi) do not admit his deductions in this field ; and, lastly, short passages are ingeniously quoted to show that, not only is Spencer refuted by other evolutionists and experts, but that he refutes himself. The argument follows the same method in a second part devoted to Social Evolution, in the course of which the " struggle for life " is characterised as intro- ducing economic conditions which foster a vae m/seris as barbarous as the vae victis of the ancients. The argument throughout is an acute iconoclastic attack upon the "Colossus of modern sociology".] F. FerrL ' Del Bello nella Natura e nelT Arte.' [Continuation of an article already noticed. The writer discusses Good Taste, the Criterion of Beauty and of High Art, the Content of Art and the Division of Schools.] E. Morselli. ' Del Metodo nella Dottrina Morale.' [The method of Ethics should avoid the empiricism of the Evolutionists and the formalism " of Kant. It should be neither spiritualistic nor materialistic, but, to be truly scientific, it should seek only to recon- struct objective facts with a due regard to contemporary science, and especially to economic laws.] Bibliografia, etc. VAPROSI PHILOSOPHII i PSYCHOLOGII. September, 1896. N. A. IvantsofF. ' The Aims of Art.' [A paper on the aims of painting and sculpture. Beauty depends on the realisation of the artist's thought ; but in the present democratic state of society, both painting and sculpture have given place to the novel and the drama.] N. Urnoff. ' Descartes' Place in the History of Physical Science.' [Descartes' system, excluding unknown and final causes, attempts to explain all phenomena in terms of space and time ; it goes much further than the system of Newton, with which it came into conflict.] L. E. Obolenski. ' Class-conscious- ness as a Factor in Social Progress.' [Class-consciousness is a feeling, by each of the members of a class, of what favours the interests of that class ; the evolution of that feeling accompanies the evolution of the class itself.] S. N. Trubetski. ' The Principles of Idealism.' [Mystic idealism, especially as set forth in Hindu philosophy, has led only to negative results.] Vladimir SoloviefF. ' The Moral Organisation of Mankind.' [There are two types of moral organisation : the family and the nation.] L. Lopatin. ' Descartes, as the Creator of a new Philo- sophical and Scientific View of the World.' [The writer criticises Des- cartes' method of setting aside all truths of which we can doubt, and notes his influence on later philosophers.] W. G-oltsen. A Discussion with Obolenski on Class-consciousness.' S. A. Suhanoff. ' " Neurons " in relation to certain Psychical Phenomena.' [Having stated what a " neuron " is in itself and in its morphological and biological relations, the writer points out the part which " neurons " play together, especially in relation to psycho -pathology.] A. Diyvelegoff. 'Vico and his Philosophy of History.' [Vico has great merits, and though his chief idea the repetition of certain tj'pical forms in history is not verified by facts, he has made many discoveries wrongly ascribed to other writers.]