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NEW BOOKS. 115 the world-process " only in the form of a distinct or supplementary power". "Teleology only appears where mechanism breaks down." The difficulty concerning the nature and existence of matter is taken up in the next chapter, which deals with " Materialism and Subjective Idealism". It is shown that these theories both embody truths which cannot be surrendered, and that at the same time they are in irreconcil- able antagonism if each is taken as a statement of absolute truth. The solution of the problems thus raised can only be solved by an investigation of the ultimate nature of knowledge and of its relation to reality. This leads to a chapter on " Rationalism and Sensationalism " followed up by a chapter on the attempted synthesis of these points of view in Kant and another on the developed Rationalism of Hegel. The treatment of Kant and Hegel is excellent both in regard to exposition and criti- cism. The vital points are brought into clear light, and all details which might confuse the beginner are ignored. After a chapter on " Agnosticism and the Theory of Knowledge," Dr. Rogers proceeds to develop what he takes to be the true Philosophy under the titles " Theistic Idealism " and "Scepticism and the Criterion of Truth". The main point of this Philosophy is the emphasis laid on teleological unity. The type of the unity of the universe is the unity and continuity of our own con- scious striving towards the attainment of practical and theoretical ends. Dr. Rogers apologises for appearing to dogmatise by pleading the necessity of leaving a unified impression on the mind of the student. The apology was scarcely necessary. Dr. Rogers puts forward his own views as the result of an historical and critical survey of alternative theories which will enable the intelligent student to form a reasoned judg- ment for himself. In any case, the careful reading of this book will place him in a position from which he can proceed to the more detailed study of philosophy and of philosophical system to the greatest advantage. Dr. Rogers is to be congratulated on having condensed so much valuable matter within so small a compass. Compactness and lucidity are conspicuous merits of his work. EDITOR (G. F. S.). Studies from the Psychological Laboratory of Chicago. By JAMES ROW- LAND ANGELL. Vol. ii., No. 2. University of Chicago Press, 1899. These studies include two short, provisional reports and four longer communications reprinted from the Psychological Review. The first short report is by Prof. Buck on the overestimation of vertical as com- pared with horizontal lines. The overestimation was found to be slightly increased by placing the observer on his side so that the head and eyes were at right angles to their usual position. This is rightly regarded as an argument against the explanation of the illusion by eye-movement. The subject is, however, complicated by the possibility of the existence of compensatory swivel rotation of the eyeballs in the recumbent position, a possibility which the author does not mention. The subject and method are worthy of further investigation. The second short communication is by Dr. D. P. MacMiller, " A Study in Habit," in which the influence of wearing a prism before one eye on the co-ordination of eye and head was studied. No mention is made of the similar experiments of Czermak and Helniholtz. Of the four reprints, the first is by Prof. Angell and Helen Bradford Thompson on the relations between certain organic processes and con- sciousness, in which a good critical account is given of previous work.