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232 CHARLES S. MYERS : physics and Psychology, the necessity of an inner unity within consciousness and of a principle which directs the evolution of the individual and species, led to the establish- ment of a thorough-going Spiritualism. A further examina- tion of these peculiar views is here impossible. At the hands of Virchow (12) (13) they have received a criticism of the most vigorous character. Another critic, Hartuiann, has rightly said that Lotze never utters an Aye without an equally emphatic Nay. Lotze's change of standpoint, his subtlety and self-criticism, all contribute in defying a concise presentations of his views (48). Lionel Beale has sought a purely vitalistic theory to overthrow the raging materialism of his time. He has periodically continued the publication of his views during the last twenty-five years. He argues that there is some- thing unknown, some mysterious force or power, which works in living matter only, is only temporarily associated with that matter, and is identical with a something which " chemists admit that . . . dead matter does not possess," which ' ' transforms force and rearranges the elements of matter " (14). In the end the weapon, by which that earnest band of Berlin physiologists had hoped to crush their opponents, recoiled like a boomerang on their own heads. The researches of Ludwig on salivary and renal secretion, followed more recently by those of Heidenhain on the formation of lymph and assimilation of food, and of Pfliiger on internal respiration, afforded convincing proof of the complexity even of those vital processes which had hitherto been considered simple, and of the extreme difficulties which a mechanical explanation involved. Notwithstanding this undercurrent of changing thought, no return to vitalism can be said to have openly taken place until the years 1887 and 1888, when Bunge published his lectures on physio- logical and pathological chemistry, and Eindfleisch delivered his Bectoratsrede at Wiirzburg. The latter boldly advocates a " Neo-vitalisni " which " has developed quite independently of those old vitalistic theories," which "recognises vital force only in its most intimate union with a life-substance that belongs to it. The theory honestly endeavours to explain vital phenomena by the physico-chemical constitu- tion of life-substance ... It does not, however, hide from itself that apart from the phenomena of consciousness there are facts which will offer insurmountable obstacles to the investigation." A somewhat similar standpoint is upheld by Bunge in the preface to his Lehrbuch der Physiolog-