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408 NEW BOOKS. divided by Rodbertus into three epochs : Heathen antiquity, the Christian Teutonic State, and the State of the Future. Rodbertus selects the city state of Rome as a typical example of the state in Heathen antiquity. This city state was based upon the household. So prominent was the household that the details of its constitution largely determined the nature of the state on its social side. The system of autocracy which pervaded Rome rested on the autocracy of the household, and the demands made by the state on the individual were the counterpart of the demands made oil the family by the father of the household. In time the house- hold degenerated into a trading unit, and dragged down the ancient city state to a common doom. The ancient State was succeeded by the Christian Teutonic State. In this new order the autocracy ot the house- hold is superseded by the autocracy of the locality. The local group takes the place of the family group and the lash of the slave driver is replaced by the subsistence wage. But the mediaeval Christian State in its turn is disintegrated and dissolved by the advent of Invention and Capital. Capital and invention break through the local regulations which lay at the basis of the mediieval state and the modern state comes into existence. Capitalism and competitive individualism are the dominant factors in the modern state, and their concomitants are pauperism, commercial crises and bankruptcy. According to Rodbertus the present competitive capitalistic order of society will be succeeded by a period of equilibrium. This period will arrive when the will becomes dominated by social rather than individual ends. The structure of society at this stage will be the assumption of the direction of national industry by the state. Private property will continue to exist, but it will be restricted to property in income, and in things to be enjoyed and consumed. But the final formation of society will not be national but cosmopolitan. The common bond of humanity will supersede the narrower ties of nationality in the ideal society of the far-off future. We are sorry that we cannot follow Mr. Gonner's exposition of Rodbertus any farther. Pass- ing from the origin and development of society Mr. Gonner proceeds to give us an account of Rodbertus's views as to the nature and principles of society, the character of the modern state, and the state as an industrial organism. At several points we can see that Rodbertus was considerably- indebted to English writers such as Ricardo, William Thompson and Robert Owen. But after making deductions on this account he still remains a conspicuous figure in the domain of thought. It is certain that Marx owed much to him. Mr. Gonner has rendered valuable service to English students in presenting all that is best and most characteristic of Rodbertus before us in such a lucid and careful manner. Mr. Gonner's task was one of no small difficulty. He has bestowed abundant labour and patience upon it, and it is to be hoped that his book will meet with a wide circle of readers. The Six Systems of Indian Philo-wph;/. By the Right Hon. F. MAX MiiLLER, K.M. London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1899. Pp. 618. We all know the charm of Prof. Max Miiller's writing. He brings it to bear here on a subject which tests it to the full. It is of interest to compare the changes in Indian thought with those in European thought. But the working of the Indian intellect is couched in words so strange to us, seems often so bizarre and childish, takes for granted so much we are not prepared to grant, that the study of it is beset with difficulty. It is clearness, therefore, and many another quality of sound methodology, which is required rather than grace and charm.