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NEW BOOKS. 153 already characteristic of the " naturalism " of his age, but in his dis- closure of the ideal of internal " feeling ". What remained still to be seen was the significance of artistic " form " ; and this was disclosed by Winckelmann. Notwithstanding the condemnation Rousseau pro- nounces on art as such, there is much resemblance between his doctrine and that of Winckelmann, as was seen by Diderot (p. 268). Winckel- mann's ideal, like Rousseau's, consists in a certain mode of internal feeling, not in a harmony with external nature. The difference is that while Winckelmann finds his ideal realised in the works of antique art, Rousseau seeks it in a return to what he calls, following the mariner of speech of his age, the " natural " life. It was Winckelmann's ideal that gave the direction afterwards to German Classicism, especially to its poetical work, Winckelmann's doctrine being, indeed, specially appli- cable to poetry as Diderot's is to painting ; but the positive influence of Winckelmann had to be preceded in the minds of Goethe and Schiller, by the negative influence of Rousseau, the " conscious contradiction of the forms of the ruling civilisation". The author gives very full accounts not only of these chief phases of aesthetic theory but of the doctrines he regards as transitions among them. He notices too in the representatives of each doctrine the elements of other doctrines derived from, predecessors. Diderot, he points out, insists on the intellectual element in art "1'esprit," and is so far in agreement with the canons of French Classicism. Rousseau is strongly opposed to the intellectual tendency, it being incon- sistent with his ideal of feeling ; but on the other hand he had enough in common with the " naturalism " of his period to find recognition at its hands, and even to be taken for its typical representative. RECEIVED also : Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, Pt. x., London, Triibner, pp. 208. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research, i. 2, Boston, Cupples, Upham & Co., pp. 55-131. J. O'Toole, Ausa Dynamica, Improved and Enlarged Edition, Dublin Hodges, Figgis & Co., pp. vi., 73. T. M. Madden, On Child-Culture, 3rd ed., Dublin, Fannin, pp. 24. W. J. Gill, Philosophical Realism, Boston, Index Assoc., pp. 292. E. Burnouf. La Vie et la Pense'e, Paris, C. Reinwald, pp. viii., 452. J. Delbceuf, Une Visite a la Salpetri&re, Bruxelles, C. Muquardt, pp. 49. F. A. Muller, Das Problem der Continuitat in Mathematik u. Mechanik, Marburg, Elwert, pp. iv., 123. E. Reichel, Wer schrieb das "Novum Organon" ? Stuttgart, A. Bonz, pp. 32. G. Teichmuller, Religionsphilosophie, Breslau, W. Koebner, xlvi., 559. A. Bastian, In Sachen des Spiritismus, Berlin, R. Strieker, xx., 2i6. E. v. Hartmann, Die deutsche Alsthetik seit Kant, 1-3 Lieferungen, Berlin, C. Duiicker, pp. xii., 352. K. Werner, Die italienische Philosophic des 19ten Jahrhunderts, Bd. v., Wien, G. P. Faesy, pp. xii., 428. E. Pfleiderer, Die Philosophic des Heraklit v. Ephesus im Lichte der Mysterienidee, Berlin, G. Reimer, pp. ix., 384. W. Gass, Geschichte der christlichen Ethik, ii. 1, Berlin, G. Reimer, pp. xvi.,372. R. v. Schubert-Soldern, Grundlagen zu einer Ethik, Leipzig, Fues (R. Reisland), pp. 168. H. Ritter et L. Preller, Historia Philosophiae Graecae, Pars prima septimum edita (F. Schultess), Gotha, F. A. Perthes, pp. vii., 180. NOTICE will follow.