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respective offices and exercising the functions thereof, and there being no other persons pretending to lay claim to such offices. Nor would we reach a different conclusion were we of opinion that the organization of the district was so defective that the proceedings would be set aside on certiorari or the right of the district to act as such would be denied by judgment in quo warranto. At the time these bonds were issued the district was acting as a de facto district under at least color of organization. It had elected its district officers; held its district meetings; had voted to borrow money to build a school house; and it appears to be undisputed that the proceeds of these bonds were used for that. purpose, and the inhabitants received the benefit thereof. A school house has been built, and school has been taught therein. To allow the defense that the proceedings in the organization were defective to defeat the debt represented by these bonds would, under these circumstances be to sanction repudiation of an honest obligation. We are firm in the opinion that the legality of the organization of a municipal corporation cannot be thus collaterally attacked. Citizens of the district who are opposed to the formation of such a corporation are not without remedy. Certiorari will reach the action of the county superintendent when without jurisdiction. People v. Board of Sup'rs, 41 Mich. 647, 2 N. W. Rep. 904. The statute allows an appeal. Section 25, Ch. 14, Laws 1879. The corporate existence may be attacked by quo warranto. State v. Bradford, 32 Vt. 50; People v. Clark, 70 N.Y. 518; Cheshire v. Kelley, (Ill. Sup.) 6 N. E. Rep. 486; Comp. Laws, § 5348, Subd. 3; Territory v. Armstrong, 6 Dak. 226, 50 N. W. Rep. 832. The evils resulting from a doctrine which would permit the legality of the organization of a municipal corporation to be inquired into collaterally—in an action to enforce a debt, in a proceeding to collect a tax levied by the de facto corporation, or in a litigation over a tax title growing out of a tax imposed by such municipality—would be as great as the evils which would flow. from: the collateral inquiry into the title of a person to an office, the functions of which he is in fact exercising. This same argument reaches the