ii s. x. NOV. 21, 1914.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
413
Following the black-bordered title-page,
two lines of black head the Dedication and
the text, while two similar lines enclose the
" Finis." This is the oldest specimen I
have seen.
Another sermon, on the death of Mr. Joseph Airey of Newcastle, contains three heavy black lines, but no border, and is dated February, 1748/9. A third, with black border, but no lines, bears date 1833. RICHD. WELFORD.
Xewcastle-upon-Tyne.
I have an earlier example of this in my , possession, date not later than 1805, namely, an outer covering of a letter franked, date- mark missing, and sealed by " Nelson and i Bronte," with black border one -eighth of an inch wide. F. B. M.
FLORAL EMBLEMS OF COUNTRIES (10 S. v.
I 509 ; vi. 52 ; 11 S. x. 349). LEO C. writes at the last reference, " It is all very well to give
the fleur-de-lis for France, but what natural flowtT is to be included in a bouquet to indicate France ? " Surely his question should have taken another form. The fleur-de-lis (or the flower-de-luce, as Long- fellow names it) is surely the white " Annun- ciation " lily ; but it is the emblem of the kingdom of France. If the Republic has a
! floral emblem, I do not know what it is.
Again, on the authority of Dr. Brewer, he pves the leek to Wales. I am not a Welsh -
I man, but have always understood that the
! Welsh floral emblem is a daffodil.
In the third place he writes, " How about thf edelweiss for Switzerland ? " So far as I know, Switzerland has no official floral emblem, but popularly the edelweiss is a 1 \\uys conjoined with the alpenrose and the bell-gentian, thus making her floral emblems of the colours of Great Britain, France, Russia, Servia, and Montenegro, and of their
I possible future ally Holland.
HARMATOPJEGOS.
In connexion with this query it may be noted that a movement is now on foot to substitute the daffodil for the leek as the nut ional emblem of Wales. It is maintained tluit the daffodil, and not the leek, is the true em Mem, the popular association of the latter \\ith Wales being due to a verbal confusion. For cennm is the generic term for several plants of tin's tribe ; the word alone means "leks," but cennm Pedr ("leeks of Peter ")is" daffodils." Thequestion is dis- nssed, in favour of the daffodil, by Ivor B. l"li u in the volume for 1906-7 of the Trana- iclionsoi the Hon. Society of Cymmrodorion,
p. 52 ff. His arguments in favour of the
daffodil are very inconclusive, but he does
show (what indeed is certain) that the origin
of the leek's association with Wales is ob-
scure, and it is possible that an investiga--
tion now proceeding into the whole question 1
may prove that some such mistake as he
suggests has been made. H. I. B.
"MiD-KEAVEL"(ll S. x. 327, 377). In- stances of the word keavel will be found in surveys made for enclosures of open town- tields, where it occurs in such forms as cavel, kevel, kyevel, keavel, cable, &c. In each case it is applied to " deals," or strips of land that have been brought under cultivation in the open fields, and then divided by lot. In the case cited the upper and lower portions of the field were separated by " slight terraces " (known as lynches, linces, sidlings, &c.). Their position, lying between two other members of the field, is clearly indicated by the prefix " Mid " ; whilst their character is shown by the name " Keavels." This rough slope was probably brought under cultiva- tion by joint-ploughing on the part of the holders on either side, and the resultant linces would then be apportioned by lot, and known thereafter as the Mid-Keavels.
The word cavel (or kyevel) is in common use to this day among the pitmen of the North of England, whose working places in the pit are periodically subject to a re- adjustment by lot. This they speak of as kyeaveling, and the new place allotted to them they call their kyeavel or cavel.
The ' N.E.D.,' s.v. ' Cavel,' gives the word as identical with Dutch kavel=lot, portion (kavelen, to cast lots, parcel out by lots) ; and adds that the connexion with Old-Norse kafli is not fully traced. To this caveat may be added the fact that cavel is prevalent in purely Anglian districts, so that its occur- rence cannot well be adduced as proof of the presence of a Norse element among early settlers. R. OLIVER HESLOP.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
PERIODICALS PUBLISHED BY RELIGIOUS HOUSES (11 S. x. 250, 317, 376). Besides
- hose already enumerated in your columns
may be added :
The Ralcliffian, published by the Ros- minian Fathers at Ratcliffe College, near Leicester.
The Douai Magazine, published by the new Douai Abbey at Woolhampton, which now takes the place of the College of St. Ed- mund, formerly at Douai, Departement du Nord, France. FREDERICK T. HIBGAME.
10, Essex Street, Norwich.
