9*8. VIIL JULY is, 1901.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
51
by the quotations adduced by H. B. and by
many more collected by myself. May I once
more refer to the * New English Dictionary,'
Prof. Skeat, and to Archceologia, vol. Hi.
709-32? I do not ask any one to attach
the least importance to my opinion, but I
do beg to call attention to the evidence.
J. T. F. Durham.
As Dr. F. G. Lee, F.S.A., has been men- tioned, may I be allowed to refer the querist to an article by this learned authority which appeared in the Builder of 18 July, 1885 ? It bears the title * Crooks and Croziers,' and is brimful of valuable notes and references on this interesting subject. At the end of his article Dr. Lee points out the mistakes made in the design of the cross or crozier then recently presented to the see of Canterbury. Instead of rightly providing both a cross and a pastoral staff, those in authority produced a novelty strangely combining the two.
JOHN T. PAGE.
West Haddon, Northamptonshire.
"The pastoral staff of the early Archbishops of Santiago de Galicia in Spain, as may be seen on some of their tombs in the Romanesque church of Sar, outside the walls of that Spanish Oxford, was very like a croquet mallet, or a certain agricultural hammer used by the Spanish Basks for breaking the clods in their fields, or an old man's crutch ; that is to say, it is like unto a cross without the upper member. Presum- ably it would be called a crosse in French, though it has no resemblance to a shepherd's crook like that of an ordinary bishop in the Catholic Church. E. S. DODGSON.
" THEN " = THAN (9 th S. vii. 447).-Spenser uses " then " for " than ": A lovely ladie rode him faire beside, Upon 9, lowly asse more white then snow.
' Faerie Queene,' Book I. c. i. s. 4. But he also uses " than ": But they did seeme more foule and hideous Than woman's shape man would beleeve to be. Book I. c. ii. s. 41.
Chaucer uses " than " for " then ": First I pronounce whennes that I come ; And than my bulles shew I all arid some.
'Canterbury Tales,' 11. 12,269-70. E. YARDLEY.
"FiRE-FANGED" (9 th S. vii. 350). I find this word in HalliwelPs * Dictionary of Provincial Words,' also in Brockett's ' Glossary of North- Country Words' (1846), both with the planation of "fire-bitten." Annandale in e 'Imperial Dictionary' (1882) explains
W<
1
this term to mean " Dried up as by fire ;
specifically applied to manure which has
assumed a bated appearance from the heat
evolved during decomposition."
EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. 71, Brecknock Road.
I used to hear this word some twenty- five or thirty years ago, when a hotbed was annually made for a cucumber frame. I understood it to apply to manure which had lain so long as to have lost its heat and become matted into mouldy flakes.
THOMAS J. JEAKES.
TROUBADOUR AND DAISY (9 th S. vii. 389, 456). The troubadours certainly did not disdain the violet, for at the floral games said to have been instituted at Toulouse in 1323 a golden violet was the prize awarded to the author of the best poem produced. Among other flowers offered as prizes at different times were the pansy, the lily, the rose, but in no book of reference can I find the daisy mentioned in this connexion. This flower, however, has never been without honour in France, any more than in England. Philip the Bold of Burgundy instituted an Order of the Daisy in honour of his bride Margaret of Flanders : the daisy was assumed as a cognizance by St. Louis of France in honour of his wife Margaret ; and it was also borne by Margaret of Valois and Margaret of Anjpu. (See Canon Ellacombe's essay on the daisy.) May I quote Mr. Lang's version of the passage from ' Aucassin and Nicolete,' as more graceful though less literal than Mr. Bourdillon's ?
" And the daisy flowers that brake beneath her as she went tip-toe, and that bent above her instep, seemed black against her feet, so white was the maiden."
C. C. B.
" PORTE-MANTEAU " (9 th S. iv. 536 ; vii. 478). King Charles I. had strong views in favour of a liturgy and the episcopal form of Church government, which the Scottish people, as a rule, did not share. In 1637-8 they subscribed the National Covenant abjuring episcopacy, and armed themselves against the measures adopted by the king. The clergy preached much at the king, whose father, James VI., in 1596, Andrew Melville had pulled by the sleeve and called "God's silly vassal " when his Majesty essayed to use " his authoritie in maist crabbit and colerik maner " towards a deputation from the Com- missioners of the General Assembly who waited upon him at Falkland. These remarks in themselves have no bearing whatever on the word at the head of this reply ; but I
