Page:Notes on the State of Virginia (1853).djvu/200

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184

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, MONEY.

Pliny, L. 21, c. 33. In the latter ages of their history the moneys of these two people were interwoven so as to make parts of the same series, which were in some degree decimal.

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	The As (L. at first Libralis, but latterly ½ an ounce of copper, and called Libella)=1d. lawful.
	10 As made the Denarius (X.,) or Attic Drachm=10d.
	100 Denarii made the Mina or Pondo=1,000d.; or, £4 3s. 4d.

The Denarius having been divided into fourths of 2½ As each, the fourth was called

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	A Sestertius, or Nummus, (LLS., or HS.)=2½d.
	100 Sesterces made an Aureus latterly=250d., £1 0s. 10d.
	1,000 Sesterces made the Sestertium=£10 8s. 4d.

$\scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right.}$	The Libra=96 X.=£4 lawful.
	The Talent of Silver=60 Mina=£250.
	The Talent of Gold was the decuple of the talent of silver, at the proportion of 10 for 1, as among the Romans=£2,500.
	And was the Miliary of the Libra, if valued at 16 for 1, as among moderns=1,000 Libræ=£4,000.

It is understood that the Attic Drachm of silver was exactly our Drachm Troy of 60 grains; the Denarius of the Romans was the 7th part of their Ounce, which is supposed to have been exactly our Avoirdupois Ounce; but this is of 437½ grains Troy, which would make the Roman Denarius 62½ grains; and consequently 1/24 more than the Attic Drachm, contrary to the testimony of antiquity, that the Denarius and Drachm were equal. We may very probably conjecture that our Troy weight is taken from the Grecians, from whom our physicians derive their science, and, in copying their recipes, would, of course, preserve their weights, which fix the quantum and proportion of ingredients. We may as probably affirm that our Avoirdupois weight is taken from the Romans, from whom, through their colonies and conquests in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, we derive our agriculture and commerce. Accordingly we observe that, while we weigh our physic by the Troy or Grecian weights, we use the Avoirdupois or Roman for the productions of agriculture and general articles of commerce; and since antiquity affirms that these two series were united by the equality of the Drachm and Denarius, we must conclude that in progress of time they have become a little separated in use with us, to wit, 1/24 part as before noted.

But the point at which their separation has been arrested and fixed is a very remarkable one: 1,000 ounces Avoirdupois make exactly a cubic foot of water. This integral, decimal, and cubical relation induces a presumption, that while deciding among the varieties and uncertainties which, during the ruder ages of the arts, we know had