and left hand, both from the body and toward the body. It is found that Indians are the shortest reactors, but they can not make the movements of the arms much more rapidly than whites or blacks. Experiments are also being made for the purpose of studying the effect of mental states upon muscle contractions. If the tendon just below the knee-cap be struck, it is known that the foot kicks out. This is called the knee-jerk. It varies greatly from time to time in amount. Mental conditions affect it; a sound or an intense light will increase it. Many experiments show that a mental state instantaneously alters the conditions of muscle contractions, even though such muscle contractions be not directly associated with that mental state.
Pedagogy is a subject closely related to philosophy and psychology, but its introduction into American universities is comparatively recent. Probably the University of Michigan first demonstrated what could be done in a strictly professional way to fit young men and women for the best positions in the school system, when, in 1879, the department of the Science and Art of Teaching was organized. The subject was brought into prominence at the University of Pennsylvania in 1891, when the Public Education Association of Philadelphia appropriated two hundred and fifty dollars toward the establishment of a chair of Pedagogy in the university. This was followed by a sufficient appropriation by the university to establish such a professorship, beginning in the autumn of 1894. Dr. Martin G. Brumbough was called to the chair, and in one year the wisdom of establishing the new department has been demonstrated. Graduate courses in the institutes and the history of education are offered, besides which there is a Saturday class open to the teachers of Philadelphia and vicinity. The enlargement of university Pedagogy has been one of the great needs of the State and the nation, and the present movement will result in calling to the university the best men to examine these questions in their universal relations and study education as philosophy.
While the departments of History and Politics are not within the scope of this paper, the sociological field work, recently begun by Dr. Samuel M. Lindsay, of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, promises results of the greatest interest to science, and deserves a brief discussion here. Dr. Lindsay studied sociological methods in Paris and other European cities. In 1894, Prof. M. Cheysson, of the École libre des sciences politiques at Paris, made a splendid beginning in the way of sociological field work. With his students, regular excursions were made to the shops, schools, restaurants, stores, and factories of the city. In every case the students came away with valuable impressions and new light on the many problems of the management of labor. At present Dr.
