CHAPTER II
PYROTECHNY IN THE EAST
Pyrotechny undoubtedly had its genesis in the
East, and for that reason we will deal with its development
there first. As he has intended to convey, the
writer is strongly of opinion that the discovery of pyrotechnic
compositions ante-dated that of gunpowder. In many cases
earlier writers have discovered passages which they consider
prove the use of firearms and gunpowder; in reality these
refer to Greek-fire and similar compositions, which were
used as projectiles, being thrown from machines or catapults,
and not as propellants. Gunpowder as a mixture of ingredients
may have been known from remote times, as undoubtedly
were other simple pyrotechnic compositions, but all evidence
goes to show that its use as a propellant was not known until
well into the Christian Era.
The composition Greek-fire, known in ancient times as "naphtha," was a mixture of pitch, resin, and sulphur, with the addition in some cases of crude saltpetre. It may be considered that in the absence of the latter ingredient the mixture does not constitute a pyrotechnic composition, but from the description of the use of "naphtha" in early writings, it appears at least likely that it was generally present.
The fire was either enclosed in hollow stones or iron vessels, and thrown from a catapult, or sometimes filled into the end of arrows and assisted to propel them forward or sustain their flight.
Philostratus (170-250 A.D.), writing of the Indian Campaign of Alexander the Great (B.C. 326), relates that the inhabitants of a town on the river Hyphasis (Beas) "defended
