Dual: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
N. A. V. | -dhíyāu | -dhyaù | -bhúvāu | -bhvāù |
I. D. Ab. | -dhī́bhyām | -bhū́bhyām | ||
G. L. | -dhíyos | -dhyòs | -bhúvos | -bhvòs |
Plural: | ||||
N. A. V. | -dhíyas | -dhyàs | -bhúvas | -bhvàs |
I. | -dhī́bhis | -bhū́bhis | ||
D. Ab. | -dhī́bhyas | -bhū́bhyas | ||
G. | -dhíyām | -dhyā̀m | -bhúvām | -bhvā̀m |
-dhī́nām | -bhū́nām | |||
L. | -dhī́ṣu | -bhū́ṣu |
a. As to the admissibility of the fuller endings āi, ās, and ām in the singular (feminine), grammatical authorities are somewhat at variance; but they are never found in the Veda, and have been omitted from the above scheme as probably unreal.
b. If two consonants precede the final ī or ū, the dissyllabic forms, with iy and uv, are regularly written; after one consonant, the usage is varying. The grammarians prescribe iy and uv when the monosyllabic stem has more the character of a noun, and y and v when it is more purely a verbal root with participial value. No such distinction, however, is to be seen in the Veda — where, moreover, the difference of the two forms is only graphic, since the yā- and vā-forms and the rest are always to be read as dissyllabic: iā or īā and uā or ūā, and so on.
c. As to neuter stems for such adjectives, see 367.
353. A few further Vedic irregularities or peculiarities may be briefly noticed.
a. Of the ā-stems, the forms in ās, ām, ā (du.) are sometimes to be read as dissyllables, aas, aam, aa. The dative of the stem used as infinitive is āí (as if ā́+e): thus, prakhyāí, pratimāí, parādāí.
b. Irregular transfer of the accent to the ending in compounds is seen in a case or two: thus, avadhyabhiyā́ (RV.), ādhiā́ (AV.).
354. But compounds of the class above described are not infrequently transferred to other modes of inflection: the ā shortened to a for a masculine (and neuter) stem, or declined like a stem of the derivative ā-class (below, 364) as feminine; the ī and ū shortened to i and u, and inflected as of the second declension.
a. Thus, compound stems in -ga, -ja, -da, -stha, -bhu, and others, are found even in the Veda, and become frequent later (being made from all, or nearly all, the roots in ā); and sporadic cases from yet others occur: for example, çṛtapā́n, vayodhāís and ratnadhébhis, dhanasāís (all RV.); and, from ī and ū compounds, veṣaçrís (TS.), áhrayas (RV.), gaṇaçríbhis (RV.), karmaṇís (ÇB), and ṛtaníbhyas (RV.) and senāníbhyas (VS.) and grāmaṇíbhis (TB.), supúnā (AV.), çitibhráve (TS.).
b. Still more numerous are the feminines in ā which have lost