Phæosphæria (Phæosphæria articulata), on the other hand, the lattice-sphere is segmented in quite a peculiar manner, and composed of hollow cylindrical tangential tubes, which are separated by astral septa at the nodal points of the network; this remarkable structure characterises the two families, Aulosphærida (Pls. 109-111) and Cannosphærida (Pl. 112); the segmented lattice-sphere of the former is simple and hollow; while that of the latter is connected by centripetal radial tubes with a simple concentric inner shell, which is sometimes solid, sometimes latticed, and provided with a main-opening corresponding to the astropyle of the enclosed central capsule. Since in the Aulosphærida also, hollow centripetal radial tubes project from the segmented lattice-sphere, it is possible that they have been derived from the Cannosphærida by the loss of the primitive internal shell. A special peculiarity of many Phæosphæria (Oroscena, Sagoscena, Auloscena, &c.) consists in the fact that the whole surface of the lattice-sphere is regularly covered with pyramidal or tent-shaped prominences (Pl. 106, fig. 4; Pl. 108, fig. 1; Pl. 110, fig. 1). A simple lattice-sphere quite similar to that of most Monosphærida also constitutes the skeleton of the Castanellida (Pl. 113), but since it possesses a special main-opening, it must be referred promorphologically to the Cyrtoid shells of the Phæogromia.
120. The Prunoid Skeleton or Lattice-Ellipsoid.—The "lattice-ellipsoids" or Prunoid skeletons have arisen from the lattice-spheres or Sphæroid skeletons by more energetic growth and elongation of one axis; this is the main axis of the body and is probably always vertical; its two poles are commonly equal. The Prunoid skeleton is either a true ellipsoid in the geometrical sense or an "endellipsoidal polyhedron" (i.e., a polyhedron, all the angles of which lie in an ellipsoidal surface). By further elongation of the main axis, the ellipsoidal form passes over into the cylindrical, the polar surfaces of the cylinder being usually rounded, rarely truncated. The rich order Prunoidea (pp. 284-402) contains numerous modifications of this form of shell which arise on the one hand by the formation of transverse constrictions, on the other by the apposition of concentric secondary shells. In respect of the latter, simple and compound Prunoid shells can be distinguished as in the case of the Sphæroid shells. In the compound Prunoid shells either all the concentric lattice-shells may be ellipsoidal or the inner may be spherical. More important differences are found in the transverse annular constrictions, which give the Prunoid skeleton a segmented appearance; in this respect, three principal forms may be distinguished (p. 288):—(A) Monoprunida, with unsegmented shell, having no transverse constriction (Pls. 15-17); (B) Dyoprunida, having a shell with two segments and one (equatorial) transverse constriction (Pl. 39); (C) Polyprunida, with three or more parallel transverse constrictions, by means of which the shell is divided into four or more segments (Pl. 40). In the same manner as the Prunoidea have arisen from the Sphæroidea among the Spumellaria by greater
