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| 3. Induction and Pattern Recognition | 42 |
| Types of Explanation | 43 |
| Coincidence | 45 |
| Correlation | 46 |
| Examples | 47 |
| Crossplots | 50 |
| Plotting Hints | 52 |
| Extrapolation and Interpolation | 53 |
| Correlation Statistics | 55 |
| Nonlinear Relationships | 58 |
| Correlation Conclusions | 60 |
| Perspectives on Causality | 60 |
| Mill's Canons: Five Inductive Methods | 64 |
| Method of Agreement | 65 |
| Method of Difference | 66 |
| Joint Method of Agreement & Difference | 67 |
| Method of Concomitant Variations | 67 |
| Method of Residues | 67 |
| Correlation or Causality? | 68 |
| 4. Deduction and Logic | 71 |
| Logic | 72 |
| Deduction vs. Induction | 73 |
| Deductive Logic | 74 |
| Classification Statements | 75 |
| Deductive Aids: Venn Diagrams and Substitution | 76 |
| Logically Equivalent Statements | 78 |
| Relationships among Statements | 80 |
| Syllogisms | 82 |
| Categorical Syllogisms | 83 |
| Hypothetical Syllogisms | 85 |
| Pitfalls: Fallacious Arguments | 86 |
| Fallacies Resulting from Problems in a Premise | 88 |
| Fallacies Employing Extraneous Other Evidence | 90 |
| Faulty Link between Premises & Conclusion | 92 |
| Case-dependent Relationship between Parts & Whole | 94 |
| 5. Experimental Techniques | 97 |
| Observational versus Experimental Science | 98 |
| Seizing an Opportunity | 101 |
| Experimental Equipment | 101 |
| Prototypes and Pilot Studies | 102 |
| Troubleshooting and Search Procedures | 104 |
| Problem: Find a Needle in a Haystack | 109 |
| Problem: Search for the Top Quark | 110 |
| Tips on Experimental Design and Execution | 110 |
| Pitfalls of Experimental Design | 116 |
| Control of Variables | 117 |
| Problem: the Noisy Widgetometer | 120 |
| Computation and Information Handling | 121 |
| LIVING SCIENCE | |
| 6. The Myth of Objectivity | 125 |
| Perception: Case Studies | 125 |
| Perception, Memory, and Schemata | 131 |
| Postmodernism | 135 |
| Pitfalls of Subjectivity | 137 |
| Experimental Design | 137 |
