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Cite as: 600 U. S. ____ (2023)
19

Sotomayor, J., dissenting

turn, underrepresented minorities are more likely to attend schools with less qualified teachers, less challenging curricula, lower standardized test scores, and fewer extracurricular activities and advanced placement courses.[1] It is thus unsurprising that there are achievement gaps along racial lines, even after controlling for income differences.[2]

Systemic inequities disadvantaging underrepresented racial minorities exist beyond school resources. Students of color, particularly Black students, are disproportionately disciplined or suspended, interrupting their academic progress and increasing their risk of involvement with the criminal justice system.[3] Underrepresented minorities are less likely to have parents with a postsecondary education who may be familiar with the college application process.[4] Further, low-income children of color are less likely to attend preschool and other early childhood education programs that increase educational attainment.[5] All of these

    School Funding: How Housing Discrimination Reproduces Unequal Opportunity 17–19 (Apr. 2022).

  1. ↑ See Brief for 25 Harvard Student and Alumni Organizations as Amici Curiae 6–15 (collecting sources).
  2. ↑ GAO Report 7; see also Brief for Council of the Great City Schools as Amicus Curiae 11–14 (collecting sources).
  3. ↑ See J. Okonofua & J. Eberhardt, Two Strikes: Race and the Disciplining of Young Students, 26 Psychol. Sci. 617 (2015) (a national survey showed that “Black students are more than three times as likely to be suspended or expelled as their White peers”); Brief for Youth Advocates and Experts on Educational Access as Amici Curiae 14–15 (describing investigation in North Carolina of a public school district, which found that Black students were 6.1 times more likely to be suspended than white students).
  4. ↑ See, e.g., Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics (2021) (Table 104.70) (showing that 59% of white students and 78% of Asian students have a parent with a bachelor’s degree or higher, while the same is true for only 25% of Latino students and 33% of Black students).
  5. ↑ R. Crosnoe, K. Purtell, P. Davis-Kean, A. Ansari, & A. Benner, The Selection of Children From Low-Income Families into Preschool, 52 J.
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