Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/580

548 ANTHONY first made rector of the grammar school, he conferred on the public schools of his native city six free scholarships. ANTHONY, Henry B., an American journalist and senator, born at Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815 He was educated at Brown university, became in 1838 editor of the "Providence Journal," was governor of Rhode Jsland in 1849 and 1850, and declined a reelection in 1851. In 1859 he was elected United States senator as a republican, succeeding Philip Allen, a democrat; was reflected in 1864, and again in 1870. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention of 1866, and president pro tempore of the senate for some time in 1869 and 1871. ANTHONY, Saint. I. Surnamed the Great, born in Upper Egypt in 251, died in 356. He was rich and well educated, but sold all his possessions, gave the money to the poor, and retired into the desert, where he spent a great many years in ascetic solitude. At the age of 54 he was persuaded to become the director of a number of anchorets who wished to enjoy his instructions. They dwelt in detached cells in Fayoom, near Memphis, and from this estab- lishment dates the foundation of the monastic system. St. Anthony twice left his retreat and visited Alexandria : once during the per- secution by Maximian in 811, when he hoped to obtain the crown of martyrdom ; and again in 355, to support his friend Athanasius against the Arians. During his seclusion he is said to have neglected ablutions, clothed himself simply in a hair shirt, and fought with devils. He was reported to have cured a cutaneous disease known before his time as the "sacred tire," but afterward as St. Anthony's fire, and later as erysipelas. On this tradition an order bear- ing his name was founded (1095) for the care of patients with this disease by Gaston, a rich French nobleman, at St. Didier-la-Mothe, in gratitude for a supposed cure wrought on his son by the reputed bones of the saint. lit Of Padua, born in Lisbon, Aug. 15, 1195, died in Padua, June 13, 1231. He was one of the leaders of the newly established order of Fran- ciscan monks, and, desirous of martyrdom, embarked for Africa, was shipwrecked on the coast of Italy, and preached with wonderful eloquence and success in the cities of Mont- pellier, Toulouse, Bologna, and Padua. He was canonized by Pope Gregory IX. in 1232, and is honored especially in Portugal and Italy. ANTHONY, Siisin Brownell, an American re- former, born in South Adams, Mass., Feb. 15, 1820. Her father was a member of the society of Friends. She was employed in his cotton factory, completed her education in a school at Philadelphia, and from 1837 to 1852 was a teacher in the state of New York. She be- came interested in the cause of temperance, and an admission to a convention being denied to her on account of her sex, she called a conven- tion of women (1849), and since that time has been conspicuous in various philanthropic and reformatory movements. She has identified ANTHRACITE herself especially with the agitation for female suffrage, in the interest of which she has visited many parts of the United States, and delivered numerous lectures and addresses. In 1868 she founded in New York a journal called " The Revolution," which' she conducted for some time in conjunction with Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury. She has acted on several occasions as delegate of the New York working women's association. ANTHRACENE (C, 4 H 10 ), formerly called para- naphthaline, a solid hydrocarbon which accom- panies naphthaline in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar, and which has acquired great importance as the material from which artificial alizarine is now manufactured. In an experiment made on a large scale it was found that 100 tons of tar yielded 0-63 ton of anthracene, or one ton of anthracene can be obtained from the distillation of about 2,000 tons of coal, not reckoning the quantity of anthracene contained in the pitch. The prep- aration of anthracene is conducted as follows : The semi-fluid product of the fractional distil- lation of coal tar, commonly called green grease, is placed in a centrifugal machine in order to expel mechanically as much as possible of the oil, and the residue is pressed between hot plates. The crude material is carefully dis- tilled, rejecting the portion which comes over between 340 and 350 C., and the portion remaining in the retort is exhausted with rec- tified petroleum at a boiling heat, filtered, and cooled. The crystalline mass is expressed and the entire operation repeated several times. On recrystallization from alcohol, the nearly pure anthracene is obtained in rhomboidal plates. If these be carefully sublimed, a chem- ically pure product is obtained. Pure anthra- cene occurs in bluish-white foliated crystals, having a beautiful violet fluorescence. These crystals are rhomboidal tables. A little above 200 C. it melts to a limpid liquid, which be- comes rapidly dark-colored. It is not per- ceptibly volatile at 100 C., but between 210 and 220 C. it sublimes easily, yielding a fetid and irritating vapor. Distilled at 350 C., it is partially altered. It is quite soluble in boiling alcohol, and in light naphthas, from which it crystallizes out on cooling. Heated slightly with fuming sulphuric acid, it dissolves gradually, giving a greenish solution of the sulphanthracene acid. The green color appears to be due to a trace of nitrous compounds of the acid. Nitric acid attacks anthracene vio- lently, and chlorine and bromine act upon it, yielding substitution products. Anthracene has been made artificially from toluole and from benzole. The chief use of anthracene is in the artificial production of alizarine. Sev- eral patents have been taken out for this pur- pose by Grabe and Liebermann, who were the original discoverers in 1869 of the methods of its manufacture. (See ALIZARINE.) ANTHRACITE (Gr. dvflpa/arw, like coals, from &vf)pa%, coal), the most condensed variety of