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586 APOLDA APOLDA, a town in the grand duchy of Saxe- Weimar, on the Thuringia railway, about 12 m. E. K E. of Weimar; pop. in 1867, 8,882. It is remarkable for its manufacture of hosiery, which has been developed chiefly within the last ten years. Upward of 1,200 looms are in operation (1872), employing 11,000 persons. Steam power is used in the two principal es- tablishments. There are also iron and bell founderies. There is a mineral spring, discov- ered in the 18th century. The castle near the town and the adjoining domain belong to the university of Jena. POI.I.i YtKIANS, an heretical sect, founded about 362 by Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, who, in his zeal against the Arians, sought to impress the following modifications on the Nicene creed : 1. That since two perfect be- ings cannot coalesce in one person without the production of a monster, therefore in the nature of Christ is not found the union of per- fect God with perfect man. 2. That there is no human vovg or rational soul in Christ, the divine, or perfect God, standing in place of it. 3. That there is but one nature in Christ, and that has both a divine and human side, and the connection between them is so organic that they may each be regarded as vested with the attributes of the other. Apollinaris was cen- sured by the councils of Alexandria and Constan- tinople, and Athanasius appeared as his antago- nist, lie died about 390. His doctrine is one of the steps in that great movement which springs out of the discussion of the dual nature of Christ, and which next reappeared in Mono- physitism, into which many of the followers of Apollinaris naturally fell, while others re- turned to the communion of the church. APOLLO, one of the principal gods of Grecian mythology, called also Phoebus, and in Homer and Hesiod generally designated as Phoebus Apollo. He was the son of Jupiter and La- tona, and twin brother of Diana. Homer and Hesiod give no details about his birth; but later writers relate that Juno had put under ban all lands which should harbor Latona, who was then pregnant. Delos was an uninhabited rock in thc^Egean, just risen above the surface of the sea. There Latona, after nine days' labor, brought forth Apollo and his sister. The earlier mythology of the Greeks, as reflected chiefly in Homer, represents Apollo as an archer who inflicts vengeance with his arrows ; as a god of song and stringed instruments, in which character he is said to have invented the phorminx ; as a revealer of the future, a function which he exercised especially at the temple of Delphi; and as a god of flocks, in which capacity he kept the herds of King Ad- metus. In the later poets he is the same as the god Helios, or the sun, bat in the earlier Pho3- bus Apollo and Helios are quite distinct. With the advent of the lyrical poets Apollo becomes a patron of the healing art. In this aspect he is the father of ^Esculapius. He was the presi- dent and protector of the muses. He is usually APOLLONIA represented in the prime of youth and manly beauty, with long hair, his brows bound with the sacred bay tree, and bearing the lyre or the bow. The most celebrated places where Apollo was worshipped were Delphi and Abse in Phocis, Ismenium near Thebes, Delos, Tenedos, Didyma near Miletus, Patara in Cilicia, and Clarus near Colophon. The hawk, the raven, the swan, and the grasshopper were his favor- ite animals. Apollo was the peculiar god of the Dorians. He had musical contests with Marsyas and Pan. According to Herodotus, the Egyptian synonyme of Phoebus Apollo is Horus. The Romans received him from the Greeks. We first hear of his worship at Rome in 430 B. O., when a temple was raised to him for the purpose of averting a plague. During the second Punic war, in 212, the Ivdi Apol- linares were established at Rome. Every cen- tenary anniversary of the ludi, they celebrated in his honor the litdi sceculares. Horace wrote the Carmen Saeculare on such an occasion. APOLLO BELVEDERE, a statue, perhaps the greatest existing work of ancient art, repre- senting the god Apollo at the moment of his victory over the Python. It was found in 1503 among the ruins of ancient Antium (now Porto d'Anzo), and derives its name from its position in the Belvedere of the Vatican, where it was placed by Pope Julius II., who had purchased it before his accession to the papal throne. It was removed by the French in 1797, but re- placed after 1815. The statue is of heroic size, and shows the very perfection of manly beauty. The god stands with the left arm extended, still holding the bow, while his right hand, which has just left the string, is near his hip. This right hnnd and part of the right arm, as well as the left hand, were wanting in the statue when found, and were restored by Angelo da Montorsoli, a pupil of Michel An- gelo. The figure is nude ; only a short cloak hangs over the left shoulder. The breast is full and dilated ; the muscles are conspicuous, though not exaggerated ; the body seems a little thin about the hips, but is poised with such singular grace as to impart to the whole a beauty hardly possessed by any other statue. The sculptor is unknown ; many attribute the statue to Agasias the Ephesian, others to Praxiteles or Calamis ; but its origin and date must remain a matter of conjecture. APOLLOUORIS OF CHARYSTIS, a comic poet of the new Attic comedy, flourished about the middle of the 3d century B. C. Terence took from him the plots of several of his plays. APOLLONIA, a city of ancient Illyria or New Epirus, near the mouth of the river Aous (now the Voyutza in Albania). It was founded by colonists from Corinth and Corcyra. The place, having suffered much from the attacks of the Illyrians, sought the protection of the Romans, and remained faithful to them during the Macedonian war. A few huts, a monastery, and a church, together with the remains of two temples, are the vestiges of the city.