616 AQUILA state of $500,000. Gold mining in California has necessitated the construction of running wooden and iron aqueducts, called mmmgditch- es, some of which are more than 100 m. long. AQl'ILA, a fortified city of Italy, capital of the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore II., on the Aterno, 56 m. N. E. of Rome; pop. about 12,000. It was built by the emperor Fred- eri'ck II. in 1240, from the ruins of the ancient Amiternum, the birthplace of Sallust. It was much reduced by earthquakes in 1688, 1703, and 1706. It has a large number of churches and monastic houses. AQUILA, Kaspar, a German reformer, who thus Latinized his name ADLKR, born in Augsburg, Aug. 7, 1488, died in Saalfeld, Nov. 12, 1560. He studied theology in Ger- many and Italy, became chaplain of Franz von Sickingen, and in 1519 was imprisoned by the bishop of Augsburg for preaching and writing in favor of Lutheranism, and was re- leased only on the interposition of the queen of Denmark. Ho passed several years in Wit- tenberg as a preacher and teacher, and in assisting in Luther's translation of the Bible. His publications against the Interim, Chriat- liche Bedenken auf da# Interim and Da* In- terim illuminirt (1548-'9), caused the emperor to offer a high price for his capture. AQUILRIA, a village of the Austrian Coast- land, circle of dor/., a few miles from the Adriatic and from the- Italian frontier. It oc- cupies a portion of the site of ancient Aqui- leia, a city founded about 182 B. C. by the Ro- mans at the E. extremity of Transpadane Gaul, as a defence against the northern barbarians; or possibly somewhat earlier by the Gauls, in which case, however, it soon fell into the hands of Rome. It is said to have derived its name from aynila, an eagle, which appeared as a favorite omen to its founders. It was a powerful military post in the time of Crosar. In Strabo's time it was the great emporium of Roman trade with Rhietia, Noricurn, Panno- nia, Istria, and Dalmatia, roads running from the town into those countries. Maximin laid siege to Aquileia, but, failing in the attempt to take the place, he was slain bv his own soldiers, A. D. 238. In 452 it was taken by Attila, and razed to the ground ; its inhabitants fled to the lagoons on which Venice now stands. It was afterward retaken from the Huns by Nar- ses and partly rebuilt. It was an important episcopal see, and several councils were held there. The bishops of Aquileia assumed in the 6th century the title of patriarch, and for sev- eral centuries carried on a contest with the 1)Opes, who in opposition to Aquileia estab- ished the patriarchate of Grado. The patri- archate of Aquileia was not abolished till 1751. In the middle ages the place gradually dwindled down to a state of entire in-iLriiiticance. AQUINAS, Thomas, a saint and doctor of the Latin church, surnamed the Angelic Doctor, born according to some authorities at Aquino in the kingdom of Naples in 1224. according to AQUITAMA others at Belcastro in 1226, died at the Cister- cian abbey of Fossa Nuova, in the Pontine marshes, March 7, 1274. His father was count of Aquino, and allied both by blood and mar- riage with several of the royal families of Eu- rope. At an early age he was intrusted to the care of the Benedictines at Monte Casino, and thence he was transferred to the university of Naples. From the first he showed an in- clination to the monastic life, and in 1243 he received the habit of the Dominicans. His relatives were opposed to this proceeding and imprisoned him in a tower of his father's castle, whence, by the help of one of his sisters whom he had converted, he escaped, and was allowed to resume in peace his convent life. In com-
- pany with the general of the Dominican order,
1 lie went to Cologne, where he became a pupil of Albertus Magnus. The nickname of Dumb Ox, which his fellow students gave him from his size and silence, gave occasion to his master i one day to exclaim when the promptness and ' acuteness of his answers had astonished them all, " This dumb ox will give such a bellow in learning as all the world shall hear." In 1248 Thomas was appointed to teach ethics at Co- logne; and four years later he was teaching theology at Paris. His school was thronged with students, and crowds waited upon his preaching. In 1261 he was recalled by Urban IV. to Italy, and became a constant attendant and friend of this most active of popes, teach- ing in the more important places of central and southern Italy, particularly in Naples, Rome, Bologna, and Pisa. He was on his way to the council at Lyons, to sustain the cause of the Latin against the Greek church, when he was seized with his fatal illness. Less than 50 years afterward, in 1323, he was canonized, and the day of his death was appointed as the day of his festival. He is ranked with the four great doctors of the western church. The works of St. Thomas have always had high authority, and large use is still made of them in Catholic theological study. They form 17, 1!), and 20 folio volumes, in the various edi- tions from 1490 to 1745. The three volumes of the Suinma Theologict may be regarded as t la- most finished compend of scholastic divinity. See " Life and Labors of S. Thomas of Aquinas," by Roger Bede Vanghan (2 vols., London, 1872). AQUITAMA, the southwestern division of ancient Gaul, situated between the Garonne, the Pyrenees, and the bay of Biscay. It was the smallest of the earlier divisions of Gaul, and Augustus, in order to equalize it in some measure with the other two, extended its fron- tier to the Loire. The language, institutions, and physical conformation of the Aquitani were different from those of the other inhabi- tants of Gaul, and proclaimed their affinity with the Iberian tribes of the Spanish penin- sula. Aquitania, or Aqnitaine, was an indepen- dent duchy under the Merovingian and Carlo- vingian dynasties, though Charlemagne reduced
