Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume I.djvu/793

ARNE ARNIM 757 sympathized and acted with him. At this time he wrote his book defining the Rhine as a German river, and also his stirring national songs, including Was ist des Deutschen Vater- land ? In 1818 he became professor of modern history at Bonn, but his liberal ideas soon gave renewed offence at Potsdam. He was tried for treason, and though no verdict could be found against him, it was 20 years before the king would allow him to teach history again. In 1848 he was sent as deputy to the Frankfort parliament; but on May 21, 1849, he withdrew from parliament with the whole constitutional party, which was in favor of a hereditary em- pire. He returned to Bonn, where, constantly employed in literary labor, he passed an active and happy old age, known and honored through- out Germany, under the popular name of " Fa- ther Arndt," as one of the foremost liberators of the country from foreign tyranny and home abuses. A monument in his honor was placed on a plateau near Bonn, July 29, 1865. His residence and garden have been purchased and presented to the city of Bonn. ARNE, Thomas Augustine, an English composer of music, born in London in 1710, died March 5, 1778. His father, an upholsterer, gave him a good education at Eton, and bound him ap- prentice to an attorney, but afterward con- sented to his following his inclination and devoting himself exclusively to musical compo- sition. In 1738 he set to music Addison's " Rosamond " and Fielding's "Tom Thumb," under the name of the " Opera of Operas," both of which were received with much favor. The former was composed chiefly for his sister, afterward the celebrated Mrs. Gibber. In 1738 he wrote the music to Milton's " Comus," which firmly established his reputation as a compo- ser. During the next 20 years he wrote operas for Drury Lane theatre, oratorios, and a vast number of songs. In 1 762 his most famous work, " Artaxerxes," an opera after the Italian style, was produced, and for many years held a prom- inent place on the lyric stage. His other most successful works were the " Judgment of Paris," "Eliza," "Britannia," a musical farce entitled "Thomas and Sally," "The Fairies," and "The Stratford Jubilee." His oratorios, owing to the competition of Handel's works, were com- parative failures. As a composer of songs Dr. Arne was unsurpassed by any English writer since the time of Purcell ; and many of them, such as "Rule Britannia," and "The Soldier Tired," are still popular. In 1769 he received from Oxford the degree of doctor in music. ARNHEM, or Arnheim (anc. Arenacum), a city of Holland, capital of the province of Gelder- land, on the right bank of the Rhine, 30 m. E. by S. of Utrecht; pop. in 1871, 33,181, half Roman Catholics, and the rest mostly Protes- tants. It was once a strong fortress, but the ramparts have been converted into prome- nades, and the fine situation has made the ad- joining pleasure grounds and villages favorite resorts of distinguished and opulent persons, including many retired East India merchants. The town hall is called the Devil's House, from the peculiar adornments of its front. In the church of St. Eusebius (the Oroote KerK) are the tombs of the dukes and counts of Gelder- land and a fine mausoleum of one of the former, Charles of Egmont. The pulpit of the St. Wai- burg Roman Catholic church was designed by Cuypers. There are many other interesting public buildings, including the Bronbeek, a hos- pital for East India invalid soldiers, various ed- ucational and literary institutions, and a re- nowned music hall (Musis sacrum). The trade, much increased by railway communications, consists in the export of cereals and tobacco, and in a large commission business with Ger- many. Carriages, mirrors, turnery, and math- ematical and other instruments are manufac- tured. In the middle ages it was called Ar- noldi Villa. Sir Philip Sidney died here hi 1586. In 1813 it was stormed by the Prussians. ARNICA, a genus of plants of the natural or- der composites. The arnica montana or leop- ard's bane grows in the mountainous dis- tricts of the north and middle of En- rope, blossoming in June and July. Its flowers, leaves, and root are employed in medicine, but the flowers are usually preferred. A tinc- ture and extract are prepared from the flowers, and a tinc- ture from the root. An infusion may be used. Arnica con- tains a volatile oil, bitter extractive, and resin, the first being probably the active constituent. When taken internally arnica produces increased rapidity of the pulse, headache, dizziness, and spasmodic twitchings of the muscles, with oc- casional vomiting and diarrhoea. Externally it is a slight irritant. It has been used, more in Germany than in this country, in low forms of fever and nervous diseases. It is largely used as a remedy for sprains and bruises. ARNIM, or Arnheim, Joliann Georg, a German soldier, born at Boitzenburg in 1581, died in Dresden, April 18, 1641. He fought under Gustavus Adolphus against Russia, and in the Polish service against the Turks, and was a favorite officer of Wallenstein, who made him field marshal. In 1631 he joined the elector of Saxony, commanded the Saxon troops at Breitenfeld, invaded Bohemia, took Prague, and was victorious at Nimburg, in 1632 re- turned to Saxony, then fought in Brandenburg and Silesia, and in 1634 defeated the imperial- ists at Liegnitz. In the following year he left Arnica montana.