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BHATGAN BHOPAUL 605 dition, lie was the son of a Brahman, and be- came a poet or a compiler of poetry after hav- ing led a gay life. His writings are said to have been the first specimens of Sanskrit lit- erature to become known in Europe, through the translation into German of many of his aphorisms by the missionary Abraham Roger in his Offene Thur zum verborgenen Heiden- thume (Nuremberg, 1653). The principal work ascribed to Bhartrihari, "The Centuries," is often called an anthology. The first part de- lineates the Hindoo conception of love; the second part is didactic, and the third part ascetic and mystical. It was first edited at Serampore, with the Hitopadesa (1804). Peter von Bohlen published Bhartriharis Sententice et Carmen Eroticum (Berlin, 1833), and in 1835 a free German metrical translation ; and Hip- polyte Fauch6 has published a French transla- tion, Bhartrihari et Tchaura (Paris, 1852). BHATGAN, or Bhatgong, a town of N. Hindos- tan, in the valley of Nepaul, 5 m. 8. E. of Cat- mandoo. It formerly had 12,000 houses and an estimated population of 80,000, with a palace and other buildings of fine appearance. Though much decayed, it is still the favorite residence of the Nepaulese Brahmans. BHAWALPOOB, or Bahawnlpore. I. A native state of N. W. Hindostan, extending 280 m. along the S. bank of the continuous rivers Ghara (lower Sntlej), Punjnud, and Indus, from Sirhind on the N. E. to Sinde on the 8. W., and 120 m. in greatest breadth from the rivers 8. to Jussulmeer ; area, 22,000 sq. m. ; pop. variously estimated at from 250,000 to upward of 600,- 000. The whole country is a flat desert of arid sand, with the exception of a fertile strip a few miles wide along the rivers, which is annually watered by their inundations. In some portions of this strip the land is well cul- tivated, covered with thick jungles, abounding in wild hogs, wild geese, and partridges. The principal crops are rice, wheat, maize, indigo, sugar, opium, cotton, and fruits. The popula- tion, which consists of Jauts and Belooches, both professing Mohammedanism, and of Hin- doos, is more peaceful, orderly, and industrious than that of the neighboring territories. The principal towns are Bhawalpoor, the former capital, Ahmedpoor, the present residence of the khan, Khanpoor, and Dirawul, a fortified post in the desert. The khan is under the pro- tection of the English, and maintains an army of 2,000 regular troops, which he can increase to 20,000 in case of emergency. II. A town, the former capital of the state, on the Ghara, 50 m. 8. by E. of Mooltan, in lat. 29 26' N., Ion. 71 37" E. ; pop. about 20,000. The houses are poorly constructed of brick and surrounded with gardens. The town was once enclosed by a wall 4 m. in circumference, the ruins of which are still visible. Outside of these are large groves of date palms and other trees. There are many Hindoo weavers here, who manufacture excellent scarfs, turbans, chintzes, and colored goods. BHEELS (Sanskrit bhil, separate; i. ., out- casts), a native tribe of Hindostan, chiefly in- habiting Oandeish in Bombay; and numbering over 100,000. They are believed to be the aborigines of Guzerat and adjacent territories, who have been from remote ages described as a distinct people. The earliest notice of them is in the Mahabharata. According to their own traditions, they sprang from the union of the god Mahadeo with a beautiful woman whom he had met in a forest, and whose de- scendants on being driven south settled in W. Oandeish and Malwah, in the Vindhya and Satpoora mountains, and along the banks of the Taptee, Mahee, and Narmada. Along the Vindhya range, from Jam to W. Mandoo, the country is exclusively inhabited by Bheels. The principal chiefs are called bhomiyahs, of the Bhilalah tribe (descendants of Rajpoots with Bheel women). One of the most notorious of them for his murderous exploits was Nadar Singh. They chiefly worship Mahadeo and his consort Devi, the goddess of smallpox. The Bheels joined in the Indian mutiny of 1857-'8. Lieut. Henry, the superintendent of police, was killed in an attempt to dislodge them from a strong position in Candeish, and another en- gagement, fought Jan. 20, 1858, near the fron- tier of the nizam's territory, where the Bheels had mustered in great force, resulted in the loss of 50 European troops. The English authorities have since endeavored to control them by subjection to military discipline. BHOOJ, a city of 8. W. Hindostan, capital of the native state of Cntch, 30 m. N. of the gulf of Cutch, and 160 m. 8. 8. E. of Hyderabad ; pop. about 20,000. It stands at the foot of a fortified hill, is enclosed by a strong stone wall flanked with towers, and contains a castellated palace, a mausoleum, and several temples, mosques, and pagodas, interspersed with plan- tations of date palms. The fine appearance thus given to the city from a distance vanishes on entering the gates. An earthquake in 1819 destroyed the fort and many buildings, and caused great loss of life. Bhooj is famous for its manufactures of gold and silver. BHOPAUL, or Bopal. I. A native state of Malwah, Hindostan, between lat. 22 32' and 23 46' N., and Ion. 76 25' and 78 50' E., trav- ersed partly by the Vindhya mountains and wa- tered by the Nerbudda and other rivers; area nearly 7,000 sq. m. ; pop. about 600,000, chiefly Hindoos. The territory is ruled by a nawaub under the political tutelage of Great Britain. Dost Mohammed Khan, an Afghan, conquered Bhopaul in 1723. Since 1818 the English have asserted their political ascendancy, but not without many complications. During the se- poy rebellion in 1857-'8, the Bhopaul mutineers were defeated Jan. 12, 1858, by Gen. Rose, and a number of them were put to death. II. A town, capital of the state, and the seat of the British political resident, about 300 m. S.W. of Allahabad. The old fortifications of the town are dilapidated.