Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume III.djvu/117

BOSIO BOSNIA 111 bodies, and threw much light upon the com- paratively new doctrine of cohesion. He was for many years professor of mathematics in the Roman college, and for six years in the uni- versity of Pavia. Subsequently he became pro- fessor of astronomy and optics at Milan, where he established an observatory. He was em- ployed in measuring a degree of the meridian, in correcting the maps of the Papal States, and in settling boundary questions. He was a member of the royal society of London and of many other learned bodies at home and abroad. After the abolition of his order in. 1773, he spent several years in Paris as director of the optical department in the navy, receiving a pension of 8,000 livres. Vexed by the jealousy of D' Alembert and others, he returned to Italy, superintended at Bassano the publication of his complete works (5 vols., 1785), visited Rome, and finally retired to Milan. Among his writ- ings on astronomy and other branches of phys- ical science are De Maculis Solaribus (1736) and De Expeditione ad Dimentiendos Secundi Meridiani Gradus (Rome, 1755). His didactic poem De Solis aa Lunce Defectibus (London, 1764) was translated into French by the abb6 de Barruel (Paris, 1779). He published anno- tated editions with supplements of Noceti's works on the rainbow and the aurora borealis, and of Benedict Stay's poems on the Cartesian and other modern philosophical systems. His narrative of his journey from Constantinople to Poland appeared in French in 1772, in Ger- man in 1779, and in Italian in 1784. BOSIO, Angiolina, an Italian vocalist, born in Turin, Aug. 20, 1829, died in St. Petersburg, Aug. 12, 1859. She belonged to a family of dramatic artists, studied in Milan under Catta- neo, made her debut at Turin in Verdi's I due foscari, and afterward sang with great success in Copenhagen and Madrid. Her first appear- ance in Paris was in Verdi's Nabucco in 1848 ; and she acquired celebrity there afterward in the same composer's Luisa Miller and in Rossini's Moise. She visited Cuba and the United States in 1849, and after new triumphs in London and other capitals, accepted an en- gagement at the Italian opera in St. Peters- burg, dying there from a cold in the zenith of her fame. Her voice was a pure soprano of power and sympathetic quality, and her style refined and polished, though she was deficient in vehemence. She was married to a gentle- man named Xindavelonis. BOSIO, Francois Joseph, baron, a French sculp- tor, born in Monaco, Italy, March 19, 1769, died in Paris, July 29, 1845. Ho studied under Pajou, but became to some extent a follower of Canova, was employed by Napoleon and by the successive Bourbon and Orleans dynasties, and was ennobled by Charles X. He executed the bass reliefs of the column on the place Ven- dome, the equestrian statue on the place des Victoires, and many other works in France and Italy, among the best known of which are those connected with the mausoleum of the 111 TOL. m. 8 countess Demidoff in Pere-la-Chaise. He was a member and eventually director of the Paris academy of fine arts. BOSJESMANS. See BUSHMEN. BOSNA-SERAI, or Serayevo, a city of European Turkey, capital of the province of Bosnia, at the confluence of the rivers Miliatchka and Bosna, in lat. 43 52' N., Ion. 18 40' E., 560 m. N W. of Constantinople ; pop. about 60,000. It is sur- rounded by a wall of no considerable strength, and has a citadel with fortresses out of repair. The houses are mostly of wood. There are about 100 mosques, several schools, a number of Greek, and four Roman Catholic churches. The majority of the inhabitants are Moslems ; the rest are Greeks, Catholics, and Jews. The Jews have a considerable part of the commerce. Bosna-Serai is a great entrepot of traffic be- tween Turkey, Dalmatia, and Croatia; it ex- ports leather, hides, wool, goats' hair, cattle, and smoked fish, and imports cotton and wool- len stuifs, silks, lace, paper, salt, glassware, and jewelry. It has manufactures of leather, cot- ton, woollen, iron, copper, cutlery, and fire- arms. The city was founded by the Hungarians about 1263 under the name of Bosznavar. It derives its present surname Serai (palace) from a palace built in 1530 by Khosrev Bey, the governor of Bosnia. Prince Eugene captured the town in 1697, but was unable to take pos- session of the citadel. BOSNIA (properly BOSNA; Turkish, Bosh- maili), the extreme N. W. province or vilayet of European Turkey, lying between lat. 42 30' and 45 15' N. and Ion. 15 40' and 21 10' E., comprising Bosnia proper, Herzegovina, and Turkish Croatia; area estimated from 22,500 to 24,450 sq. m. ; pop. about 1,100,000. It is bounded N. W. and N. by Austrian Croatia and the Military Frontier, E. by Servia, S. by Pris- rend, Albania, and Montenegro, and W. by Dal- matia and the Adriatic. The surface is moun- tainous, the elevations ranging from 3,000 to' 8,000 ft. A branch of the Dinaric Alps forms the watershed between the tributaries of the Danube and the rivers flowing S. The moun- tains consist chiefly of limestone of secondary formation, together with sandstone and shales of the carboniferous system ; and it is also said that beds of coal are general throughout the country. The valleys are well watered. The chief rivers are the Save on the N. frontier, and its affluents the Unna, Verbas, Bosna, and Drina, and the Narenta, which flows into the Adriatic. The mountains are densely covered with for- ests. Sheep, goats, pigs, and Voultry are rais- ed in great numbers, but cattle and horses are neglected. The chief food is wheat and maize ; barley, hay, hemp, &c., are cultivated to some extent. In Herzegovina tobacco, rice, oil, wine, figs, and pomegranates are produced. The cul- ture of fruit is important, 300,000 quintals of prunes alone being produced annually. Fish- eries are active, chiefly in the Bosna and Na- renta rivers. The great mineral wealth of the country is undeveloped, but a few mines of