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16 BOLIVIA BOLLAND Ingavi, where Gamarra was killed. President Balibian after five years was driven out by an- other revolution, and succeeded in power for a short time by Velasco, and subsequently by Gen. Belzu (1849). In 1855 Gen. C6rdoba was elected president, but was forced to yield to Dr. Linares, who, after nine revolutionary attempts, succeeded in 1858, and exercised power more as a dictator than as president till 1860, in which year ho was cast into prison by three of his own officers, one of whom, Acha, had already failed in an endeavor to stir up a revolution against Belzu. Congress, which had been silent for four years, named Acha provisional president in 1861. In December, 1864, Gen. Helgarejo rose against the govern- ment of Acha, who was defeated near Potosi in February, 1865. Melgarejo was recognized as president by almost the entire country ; but during his absence Gen. Belzu arrived at the capital of the republic, and caused himself to be proclaimed president. Melgarejo soon re- turned, and took the city by storm. Belzti was killed by one of his own soldiers. An un- successful rising against the Melgarejo govern- ment took place May 25, led by one Castro Drquedas, whose forces were finally defeated at Viacha, near La Paz, in January, 1866. Bolivia joined in the same year the alliance between Peru, Ecuador, and Chili against Spain, which had just declared war against the last named republic ; and one result of that step was a treaty between Chili and Bolivia settling the 24th parallel of 8. latitude as the boundary line between the two republics. In 1867 Melgarejo ordered an election for presi- dent to take place, and declared that he would not himself be a candidate. In March 10,000 square leagues of fertile territory, watered by the Purus, Jurua, and Jutay, were ceded to Brazil. A revolution broke out in December for the restoration of Acha, who had been until then kept a close prisoner by Melgarejo, and who issued a proclamation enjoining the peo- ple to assist him in reestablishing the constitu- tion of 1861, and promising to hold elections for a president irrespective of party or persons. The rebellion was terminated early in 1868, the insurgent leaders emigrating to the Argen- tine Republic. Melgarejo caused his cousin, one of the bravest officers in the array, to be shot for having attempted to raise a counter- revolution. In September Melgarejo issued a decree extending the rights of citizenship to all Americans. In spite of the continued dissatis- faction with his government, Melgarejo, with the unanimous consent of congress, proclaimed himself again dictator in February, 1869. In May he issued a decree restoring the constitu- tion ; but he nevertheless continued to exer- cise supreme control. The Bolivian govern- ment recognized the belligerent rights of Cuba in June of the same year. A new revolution- ary movement was set on foot toward the close of October by A. Morales, who but a few years previous had attempted the overthrow of President Belzu. This movement was speedily crushed, and was renewed with a like result in July, 1870. The following year wit- nessed a third attempt, which terminated in the complete overthrow of Melgarejo, who escaped to Peru, and was succeeded by Morales, elected for one year. Melgarejo was killed in Lima by his son-in-law, Nov. 23, 1871 ; and Morales was killed by his own nephew, Nov. 27, 1872. BOLKHOV, a town of Russia, on the Nugra, in the government and 35 m. N. of the city of Orel; pop. in 1867, 18,491. There are up- ward of 20 churches, a monastery, and a nun- nery. The houses are mostly built of wood. It has factories of gloves, hats, hosiery, leather, tallow, oil, ropes, &c. ; and its trade is con- siderable. BOLL AN, William, an English lawyer, died in 1776. He went to Boston, Mass., about 1740, married the daughter of Gov. Shirley, and in 1745 was sent to England to solicit the pay- ment of more than $800,000 advanced by the colony of Massachusetts for the expedition against Cape Breton. After three years he suc- ceeded in obtaining this. In 1769, being in Eng- land, he procured copies of several letters ca- lumniating the colonists which had been written by the governors Bernard and Gage, and sent them to Boston, for which he was denounced in parliament. In 1775 he recommended Eng- land to adopt conciliatory measures toward the colonies, and John Hancock declared that there was no man to whom the colonies were more indebted. He wrote several works rela- ting to American affairs, among which are "Ancient Rights to the American Fishery Examined and Stated " (London, 1764), and " Freedom of Speech and Writing upon Public Affairs Considered." BOLLAND, or Bollandns, John, a learned Jesuit, born in Limburg or in Brabant in 1596, died Sept. 12, 1665. In 1607 Heribert Rosweyd, a Jesuit of Antwerp, formed the design of collecting memoirs of the lives of all the saints ; and this design being finally approved by the ecclesiastical authorities, Bolland was appointed to carry it into effect. At his re- quest Godfrey Henschen was appointed in 1635 as his coadjutor. The plan pursued was chro- nological, taking up the saints in the order of the calendar, and the work was entitled Aeta Sanctorum. The first two volumes, treat- ing of the January saints, were published in 1643. The February saints, in three volumes, were completed in 1658. Bolland did not live to finish the March saints, although he prosecuted the work until his death. From Bolland the writers of the Aeta Sanctorum, who have been appointed from time to time, have been designated as Bollandists. Five years before the death of Bolland the order appointed another colleague, Daniel Pape- broek, and the work went on until the March and April saints were completed, and 16 days of May, when Henschen died in 1681. Other successive appointments followed, until, with