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242 BRECKNOCK BREDERODE died at Danville, Ky., Dec. 27, 1871 . He studied successively in Princeton, Yale, and Union col- leges, and practised law in Kentucky for eight years from 1823, being several times a member of the state legislature. In 1829 he joined the Presbyterian church, and in 1832 was ordained pastor of the first Presbyterian church in Bal- timore, in which position he remained 13 years. In 1845 he was elected president of Jefl'erson college, Pennsylvania, where he remained two years, at the same time being pastor of the church in a neighboring village; after which he removed to Kentucky, and became pastor of the first Presbyterian church in Lexington, and superintendent of public instruction for the state. In 1853 he was elected professor of theology in the seminary at Danville, Ky. During the controversies which led to the dis- ruption of the Presbyterian church, he became the acknowledged leader of the Old School. It was chiefly through his agency that the managers of the American Bible society, after voting to adopt the revised edition of the Bible as their standard, subsequently receded from that action. He was the principal author of the common school system of Kentucky. In the anti-slavery discussion he took a decided course in opposition to extreme opinions on either side, and advocated the passage of a law for manumitting the slaves in Kentucky. When the civil war broke out he took a firm stand in favor of the Union, but he wrote against Mr. Lincoln's emancipation proclamation. In 1864 he presided over the republican national convention which renominated Mr. Lincoln for the presidency. While in Baltimore he edited the " Religious and Literary Magazine," and at Danville the " Danville Review." He published two works of foreign travel (1 vol., 1839; 2 vols., 1845); "Papism in the United States" (1841); "Internal Evidences of Christianity" (1852); "The Knowledge of God objectively Considered" (1857); and "The Knowledge of God subjectively Considered" (1859). BRECKNOCK, or Brecon, an inland county in the south of Wales, traversed by the Black moun- tains and other ranges, containing the Van or Beacon mountain, 2,862 ft. high, and noted for its magnificent scenery ; area, 716 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 59,905. The river Wye bounds it on the N. E. and N., the Usk flows through it, and near its centre is Brecknock Mere, or Llans-afeddar, one of the largest lakes in S. Wales. The soil on the mountains is poor, but the valleys yield grain, potatoes, and turnips in abundance, and these, together with timber, wool, cattle, and dairy produce, constitute the chief resources of the county. About half of the land is under cultivation. The mineral productions, embracing coal and iron, are in- considerable. There are iron works in the E. part, but they draw both ore and fuel prin- cipally from other counties. The manufac- tures are coarse woollens and worsted stuffs. BRECKNOCK, Breeon, or Abcr-Hondey, a parlia- mentary and municipal borough and jnarket town of Wales, capital of the county of its own name; pop. in 1871, 5,845. It is situated in a healthy and beautiful valley, at the confluence of the rivers Honddu or Hondey, Tarrell, and Usk, the first of which is crossed by three bridges, and the last by one. It has three long- avenues intersected by a number of shorter ones, all well kept and paved, and most of them straight. The public walks are remarkably beau- tiful. The Brecknock and Abergavenny canal, 35 in. long, joins with the Monmduth canal, 18 m. long, which connects it with the Usk ; and a railway with Merthyr Tydvil, 14 m. S. The town was once surrounded by walls, which were demolished by the inhabitants during the last civil war, in order to avoid a siege. Breck- nock was founded about 1092, when a castle was built by Bernard Newmarch, a relative of William the Conqueror. Its ruins are included in the grounds of the Castle hotel. BREDA, a strong town and fortress of the Netherlands, province of North Brabant, at the junction of the rivers Mark and Aa, 24 m. W. S. W. of Bois-le-Duc ; pop. in 1868, 15,265. A canal connects the town with the Maas. Woollen goods, carpets, and tapestry are man- ufactured here; there are also tanneries and breweries. The town is noted for its mili- tary and naval academy. The principal Prot- estant church contains many interesting mon- uments and works of art. During the wars of the reformation, of the Spanish occupa- tion of the Netherlands, and the later wars between the Dutch, Spaniards, and French, it was a constant object of contention. It was taken by surprise in 1581, and was recaptured by a skilful stratagem in 1590 by Maurice of Nassau. In 1624-'5 it endured a siege of ten months by Spinola, and again one of four by Henry of Orange, its resistance in neither instance being successful. During the French war of the revolution it was taken by Dumou- riez in 1793, but liberated in consequence of his losing the battle of Neerwinden ; in 1794 it was besieged by Pichegru, and held out until the whole of Holland surrendered ; and lastly in 1813, when on the approach of the Russian vanguard the French garrison sallied against Benkendorff, the townspeople rose and shut the gates on the defenders, and finally surrendered it to the allies for Holland. The famous decla- ration of Breda, made by Charles II. to parlia- ment previous to his restoration, May 1, 1660, promised a general amnesty, liberty of con science, a settlement of forfeited estates, and liquidation of arrears to the army. The peace ! of Breda, between Holland, England, France, j and Denmark, was concluded July 31, 1667. BREUERODE, Hendrik van, count, a patriot of the Netherlands, a descendant of the old sov- ereign counts of Holland, born in Brussels in 1531, died at the castle of Hardenberg, in Ger- many, in 1568. He was one of the leaders in the rising against the Spanish domination in the Netherlands. In 1562 he made himself conspicuous by his wild demonstrations against