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388 BUCKINGHAM BUCKINGHAM, Joseph Tinker, an American journalist, born at Windham, Conn., Dec. 21, 1779, died in Cambridge, Mass., April 11, 1861. His father, Nehemiah Tinker, exhausted his whole property in aiding the American army during the revolution, and died in 1793, leav- ing his family destitute. At the age of 16 Joseph entered a printing office at Walpole, N. H., and a few months later became a print- er at Greenfield, Mass., whence in 1800 he removed to Boston. In 1806, having by ap- plication to the legislature assumed his moth- er's name of Buckingham, he commenced the publication of " The Polyanthus," a monthly magazine, which was discontinued and not re- sumed till 1812. In 1809 he published for six months "The Ordeal," a weekly magazine. From 1817 to 1828, in company with Samuel L. Knapp, he published the "New England Galaxy and Masonic Magazine." In 1831, in connection with his son, he commenced the "New England Magazine," which was contin- ued under his care till 1834, and contained con- tributions from numerous writers who after- ward attained literary eminence. In 1824 he published the first number of the " Boston Courier," a journal which he continued to edit till 1848. Mr. Buckingham was several times elected to the legislature, and in 1847 and 1850 to the senate, of Massachusetts. He published " Specimens of Newspaper Literature, with Personal Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Reminis- cences " (2 vols., Boston, 1850) ; " Personal Memoirs and Recollections of Editorial Life" (2 vols., 1852); and "Annals of the Massa- chusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association " (1853). BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, or Rucks, an inland coun- ty of England, bounded N. by Northampton- shire, E. by Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and Mifldlesex, W. by Oxfordshire, and separated from Berkshire on the S. by the river Thames ; area, 730 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 175,870. The surface is pleasantly diversified, the northern parts being undulating, the middle occupied by the fertile vale of Aylesbury, and the southern traversed by. the Chiltern hills. The principal rivers are the Thames, Thame, Ouse, and Colne. The most important productions are butter, cattle, lambs, and poultry. The Aylesbury sheep are famous for the weight and excellent quality of their fleeces. Buckingham, Ayles- bury, Marlow, and Wycombe are the chief towns. The Northwestern and Great Western railways, and the Grand Junction canal, pass through the county. BUCKLAND, Cyrus, an American inventor, born at Manchester, Conn, Aug. 10, 1799. In 1828 he became a pattern maker at the Spring- field armory, and subsequently was designer of machinery and tools for the manufacture of arms. At different periods he occupied the post of inspector in all the various departments of the armory, and is now master machinist. Among his many valuable improvements is a set of stocking machinery, comprising 14 ma- BTJCKLAND chines for working the gunstock from the rough state to a finish. It has been introduced into Great Britain and Russia. Among his other inventions are machines for rifling muskets, cutting the thread of the screw on the inside of the barrel, and milling the breech screw so as to produce a perfect interchange, every screw fitting any barrel. BUCKLAND. .1. William, D. D., an English ge- ologist, born at Axminster, Devonshire, in 1784, died Aug. 14, 1856. He was educated at Ox- ford, where in 1813 he was appointed reader in mineralogy and in 1818 reader in geology. The clearness, force, and full information of his lectures made the study of geology very pop- ular. He may be said to have founded the geological museum in Oxford, sparing neither time, travel, nor expense to supply it with specimens, which he classified, arranged, and described. This collection is more particularly rich in the remains of the larger fossil mam- malia and other animals from the caves in dif- ferent parts of England and Germany. In 1813 he communicated to the transactions of the geological society his " Descriptive Notes " of 50 miles of a coast survey of Ireland, which he had made in company with the Rev. W. Cony- beare, dean of Llandaff. In 1820 he delivered a lecture before the university, which was pub- lished as " Vindicice Geologic, or the Connec- tion of Geology with Religion explained." In 1823 he published Eeliquice Diluviana, being the expansion of a paper he had communicated to the royal society (of which he was elected member in 1818) respecting the fossil remains of the elephant, hippopotamus, tiger, bear, hy- sena, and sixteen other animals, discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in 1821, for which paper the society voted him the Copley medal, the highest honor in their gift. In 1825 he was made canon of Christ Church, and took the degree of doctor of divinity. In 1836 appeared his Bridgewater treatise on " Geology and Mineralogy considered with Reference to Natural Theology," which has always been the most popular of the series. He bestowed un- usual pains upon this work, in which, led by the discovery of new facts, he modified his pre- vious diluvial theory. His sketch of the struc- ture of the Alps, in the " Annals of Philos- ophy," is regarded as one of the ablest of his geological writings. From its formation he identified himself with the British asssociation for the advancement of science. He was one of the council of the royal society from 1827 to 1849, and was a member of the Linnasan society. He was made dean of Westminster in 1845, when he relinquished his canonry at Oxford, but continued professor of geology and mineralogy. Removing to London, he was ap- pointed trustee of the British museum, ac- tively employed himself in advancing sanitary movements, and was mainly instrumental in procuring the establishment of the national museum of practical geology in London. In 1850 his mind became impaired, and the re-