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36 BONAPARTE NAPOLEON BONAPARTE time was imprisoned in the castlo of Sant' An- gelo. On his release he returned to the United States, where he was soon again involved in troubles. He next went to England, and after- ward to Corfu. After having in vain ofiered his military services to France and Egypt, he at length obtained in 1848 employment in the foreign legion of the French army. He was elected to the constituent and legislative assem- blies, where he acted with the extreme left, vehemently opposing all reactionary measures. In 1849 he joined the army in Algeria, but re- turned to France without permission at the most critical moment of a siege. For this he was cashiered with the express approval of the as- sembly ; and he fought a duel with a journalist who had commended his dismissal. After the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, he kept aloof from politics, though invested with princely dignities and endowments, and lived at Auteuil, near Paris, with his mistress, the daughter of a wash- erwoman of the faubourg St. Antoine, whom ho married in 1869. In 1870 he acquired great notoriety by his assassination, on Jan. 10, of one of Rochefort's collaborators, the journalist Victor Noir, who with his colleague Ulrich de Fonvielle called at his country residence to de- mand satisfaction from him in behalf of their friend Paschal Grousset, who charged the prince with having disparaged him in a newspaper published in Corsica. The prince, after a brief altercation, shot Noir dead, and also aimed the revolver, which he had carried loaded in his pocket, at Fonvielle, who escaped unhurt. This event created a great sensation, and threw additional odium upon the imperial dynasty at a time when its fortunes had already begun to decline. Pierre was arrested, and to prevent disturbances in Paris, a high court, the mem- bers of which were carefully selected by the authorities, was convened at Tours, and the trial (March 20-27) resulted in his acquittal of the charge of murder, the prince 'pretending that he had acted in self-defence, having been slapped in the face by Noir. He was, how- ever, condemned to pay an indemnity of 25,000 francs to the family of his victim, and to bear the costs of the trial. The emperor requested him to leave the French territory, and he has since resided in London, mainly supported by his wife, who opened a fashionable millinery establishment there under her princely title. She has borne him several children, who were legitimized after their marriage. Vt Antolnc, the fourth son of Lucien, born at Frascati, Oct. 31, 1816. He was educated in Italy, and went in 1832 to the United States in the hope of meeting his father, who however had already sailed for England. Afterward he resided with him in Italy, but became involved in trouble with the papal troops and had to leave Rome. He returned there after the revolution of 1848, but refrained from joining the ultra democrats. In 1849 he went to France, and was a conser- vative member of the legislative assembly till Dec. 2, 1851, when he retired from politics. As he did not court his cousin the emperor, he was excluded from the endowments enjoyed by many of his relatives who pursued a more obsequious course. BONAPARTE, Napoleon, emperor of France, born in Ajaccio, Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769, two months after the conquest of the island by the French, died at St. Helena, May 5, 1821. It is related that, his mother being taken in labor suddenly as she was returning from mass, he was born on a piece of old tapestry, on which were figured the events of the Iliad. As a boy he manifested a violent and passionate temper, and in the little disputes with his elder brother Joseph he always came off master. The tradi- tions report also that he delighted in running after the soldiers, who taught him military manoeuvres ; that his favorite plaything was a small brass cannon ; and that he regularly drilled the children of Ajaccio in battles with stones and wooden sabres. His first teacher was his mother, who exerted a powerful influ- ence upon his mind. He was next admitted to the royal college of Ajaccio, and spent a short time with his father on the continent, and with his brother Joseph at the college of Autun. In his 10th year, April 23, 1779, he was sent to the military school at Brienne, where Pichegru was one of his instructors. His companions there regarded him as taciturn and morose ; but as he was a Corsican, speak- ing very little French, and poor as well as proud, like those islanders generally, his con- duct is doubtless to be ascribed as much to his circumstances as to his temperament. Toward those who showed him sympathy, like Bourri- enne, he was susceptible of strong attachments. The annual report of the school for 1784 says of him : " Distinguished in mathematical stud- ies, tolerably versed in history and geography, much behind in Latin and belles-lettres, and other accomplishments ; of regular habits, stu- dious, and well behaved, and enjoying excel- lent health." His favorite author was Plu- tarch. The stories of his assuming undue au- thority over his fellows are contradicted by Bourrienne in his Nemoires. In 1784 Napo- leon repaired to the military school at Paris to complete his studies. . He was shocked at the expensive style of living there, and wrote a letter against it to his late superior at Brienne, Pere Berton. In September, 1785, he was commissioned a sub-lieutenant of artillery, and soon afterward was promoted to be first lieu- tenant of artillery in the regiment of Grenoble, stationed at Valence. There he wrote an essay for the prize offered by the Lyons academy, on the question, " What are the principles and the institutions necessary to make man happy!" and was successful. Talleyrand, having pro- cured this essay, showed it to Napoleon when he was at the height of his power, and lie cast it into the fire. With his friend De Manis he also made an excursion during that time to Mont Cenis, which he purposed to describe in the style of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey,"