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48 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE BONAPARTE (NAPOLEON III.) 1821, she contracted a morganatic mnrriago with Count Albert Adam von Neipperg, an Austrian general, then in his 47th year, who j had been her chamberlain in 1815, and her re- puted lover. He was divorced from his first Italian wife, by whom he had a son, who mar- ried Princess Mary of Wurtemberg. Maria Louisa bore him several children, and made him prime minister of Parma. He died April 22, 1829. During the disturbances in 1831 she was absent from her capital until order was restored by the Austrians ; and shortly after the accession of Pius IX. in 1846, when a strong revolutionary excitement again per- vaded Italy, she took her final departure from Parma. She was highly educated and attractive in person, her beauty being of the blonde Tyrolese style; but Lamartine prop- erly characterizes her as a commonplace and motherly woman, fitted rather to shine in private life than to be associated with memo- rable events. Her fidelity was never suspected by Napoleon, who to the last regarded her as an incarnation of virtue and simplicity. See Napoleon et Marie Louise, souvenirs histo- riques, by M6neval ; Memoires anecdotiguee, &c., by Bausset ; and Memorial de Sainte-He- Une, by Las Oases. Napoleon II. (NAPOLEON FBANgois CHAELEB JOSEPH, duke of Reichstadt), son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa, born in Paris, March 20, 1811, died in Schonbrunn, July 22, 1832. He was baptized at Notre Dame by his grand-uncle Cardinal Fesch. The archduke Ferdinand represented the emperor of Austria as godfather, and his godmother was Madame Leetitia. His father bestowed upon him the title of king of Rome, and on his abdi- cation designated him as his successor to the imperial throne as Napoleon II., and he was recognized as such by the executive committee appointed by the chambers previous to the final accession of Louis XVIII. in 1815. The count- ess Montesquieu, the governess of the young prince, accompanied him to Austria, where his education was perfected under the direction of Count Maurice Dietrichstein. The right of succession to his mother's dominions in Parma being withdrawn from him in 1817, the em- peror of Austria conferred on him in July, 1818, the rank of an Austrian prince with the title of duke of Reichstadt, and provided him with emi- nent teachers, Metternich being charged with the superintendence of his studies. The feeble efforts made after the revolution of 1 830 in his favor were altogether unavailing, but the prince became more and more interested in the his- tory of his father's military career, and Mar- mont, whom he met at the English ambassador's house in Vienna, gave him for three months a course of instruction on the Napoleonic cam- paigns. His military training having been the object of special care, he rapidly passed through various promotions, and in 1831 he commanded as lieutenant colonel one of the Hungarian infantry regiments of Vienna. He died of laryngeal phthisis, in the same room in which his father had dictated peace to Austria, and was buried in Vienna in the vaults of the Austrian imperial family, in the church of St. Augustine. His eyes, remarkable for depth and brilliancy, reminded one of those of his father, and in his placid and amiable disposition he resembled his mother. On the establishment of the second empire in 1852, he became known as Napoleon II. in the order of imperial succession. His biographers are De Montbel (Paris, 1832-'3), Lecomte (de la Marne, 1842), Guy (de 1'Herault), and J. de Saint-Felix (1856). BONAPARTE, Napoleon III. (CHARLES Lor/ia NAPOLEON, popularly known as Louis NAPO- LEON), born in Paris, April 20, 1808, died at Chiselhurst, England, Jan. 9, 1873. His mother, Hortense de Beauharnais, had for some time lived apart from her husband, King Louis of Holland, and his paternity was questioned. It has been ascribed to the Dutch admiral Ver- huel, and King Louis himself only reluctantly acknowledged the new-born as his son at the imperative request of Napoleon I., who stood as godfather, and Maria Louisa as godmother, at the baptism, which was administered by Cardinal Fesch at Fontainebleau, in November, 1810. Hortense selected the abb6 Bertrand as her son's governor, Philippe Lebas, a thorough republican, as his principal preceptor, and Col. Armandi became his military instructor. Ac- companying his mother to Switzerland and Germany, he familiarized himself at the gym- nasium of Augsburg with the German language and literature, and applied himself especially to the study of history and mathematics. From 1824 to 1830 he was with Hortense at Arenenberg. Gen. Dnfour having perfected his military training, he became an officer in the Swiss army, and in that capacity was re- garded as an adopted citizen of that country. Louis Philippe refusing to allow him to reside in France, he joined the patriots in Italy, where his brother died at Forli, while he, escap- ing to Ancona (1831), was prostrated there by a severe illness. He finally reached Paris after great perils, but, being ordered to leave, returned with his mother to Arenenberg. Subsequently he was about to engage in the Polish war of independence, the command of the revolutionary army having been tendered to him, when the fall of Warsaw put an end to that project. A new application to the French government led only to a renewal of the decree of banishment, especially as the death of the duke of Reichstadt in 1832 made him Napoleon's heir, according to the prece- dence accorded in the emperor's will to the children of Louis and Hortense, of whom he was then the only surviving son. He now de- voted himself to literary labors, which kept him before the public as a philosophical writer on political and social subjects, and as an ad- vocate of universal suffrage as the basis of im- perialism. In 1836 he covered himself with ridicule by an abortive attempt to overthrow the French government, begun at Strasburg