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576 CALDERON DE LA BAKCA CALDIERO by Thomas Corneille, and from the latter into English in Dryden's "Mock Astrologer." Many of his spectacular plays were performed with great splendor in the royal palaces and the adjoining pleasure grounds, different sets of actors being occasionally engaged in the suc- ceeding acts of the same piece. The publish- ers of the day took such liberties with Caldo- ron's name, that he reluctantly consented to attend to the printing of his sacramental plays, lest they should be desecrated by garbled and surreptitious texts; but he personally never sent any of his other productions to the press, and over 100 pieces with which he had nothing to do were circulated as his in the Spanish do- minions on both sides of the Atlantic. His brother had four volumes of his dramas pub- lished (1640-'74) without the authority of Cal- deron, who, however, did not dispute their gen- uineness. At the request of one of his most munificent patrons, the duke of Veraguas, Cal- deron sent him a catalogue of 111 dramas and 70 sacramental autos which he claimed as his own, though these figures show a discrepancy as compared with those of the editions of his friend Vera Tassis (9 vols., 1G82-'91) and of Apontes (11 vols., 1760-'63). The former, in his "Life of Calderon," credits him with 100 short farces (aaynetes), 100 autos with 200 pro- logues or loas, and over 120 comedies ; but he only published about 70 autos and 108 come- dies. A number of Calderon's works have evidently never been printed, while those gen- erally attributed to him may possibly include a few of which he is not the author, and cer- tainly in some of them he wrote only single acts. De Castro published in Cadiz (1848) a volume of Calderon's smaller poems, but most of his works of that sort have been lost, though the titles of many of the sonnets which he wrote for the academies of which he was a member and on other occasions have been pre- served. Some of the occasional sonnets in the plays are masterpieces of wit and elegance. Of the dramatic works Keil has published a collection (4 vols., Leipsic, 1827-'30), and an- other more complete one is that of Hartzen- busch (4 vols., Madrid, 1848-'50). Among the English translations of his dramas are two volumes by McCarthy (London, 1853), and Archbishop Trench's "Life's a Dream: The great Theatre of the World. From the Span- ish of Calderon, with an Essay on his Life and Genius" (1856; new ed., with specimens of Calderon's plays, 1865). The Chefs cCcemre des theatres etrangers contains French trans- lations of a number of his plays by Esmnard and Labanmelle (3 vols., Paris, 1845). Among the principal German translators are A. W. von Schlegel (2 vols., Berlin, 1803-'9), Gries (7 vols., 1815-'26), Malsburg (6 vols., Leipsic, 1819-'25) ; and of the autos exclusively, Ei- chendorff (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1846-'53), and Lorinser (2 vols., Ratisbon, 1856-'7). The best critical work upon his dramas is Schmidt's Schauspiele ton Calderon (Elberfeld, 1857), and the latest collections are in Rapp's Spa- nisches Theater (6 vols., 1870), and Barrera's critical edition of his works (Madrid, 1872). CALDERWOOD, David, a Scottish clergyman and historian, born about 1575, died at Jed- burgh in 1651. In 1C04 he became minister of Crailing, Roxburghshire ; and in 1 COS, for reject- ing the jurisdiction of the bishop of Glasgow, he was confined to his parish, and for several years was prevented from taking any share in the public business of the church. In ]C17, with several of the clergy, he signed a protest to parliament against an article, or bill, by which the power of framing new laws for the church was to be intrusted to an ecclesiastical council appointed by the king. A commission court in regard to this protest sat at St. An- drews, to which Calderwood was summoned to answer for his seditious and mutinous be- havior, and King James, who was present, ex- amined him in person. When threatened with deprivation, he denied the authority of the bishops, and for his contumacy was imprisoned in St. Andrews, and afterward was banished from the kingdom. From 1619 till the death of King James in 1625 he lived in Holland, and published there in 1623 his treatise Altare Damascemtm, originally published in English under the title "The Altar of Damascus" (8vo, 1621), in which he exposes the means by which the polity of the church of England was intruded upon that of Scotland. After his return to Scotland he lived for several years in Edinburgh, and was engaged in preparing his history of the Scottish church. In 1638 he resumed his duty as a parish minister at Pencaithland, East Lothian ; and in 1651, when Cromwell's army occupied the Lothians, he retired to Jedburgh. An abstract of his his- tory was published by the general assembly in 1646, and the work was published complete 27 years after his death as the "True History of the Church of Scotland from the Beginning of the Reformation unto the End of the Reign of James VI." (fol., 1678). An edition in 8 vols. 8vo, from the original MS., edited by the Rev. J. Thomson, was published at Edin- burgh in 1842-'9. CALDIERO, a village of N. Italy, in the province and 8 m. E. of Verona ; pop. about 2,000. Here, and on the neighboring height of Colonna, Napoleon was checked (Nov. 12, 1796) by an Austrian army under Marshal Alvinczy, previous to his memorable victories at Arcole (Nov. 15-17). Massena opened at Caldiero the campaign against Austria in 1805, and fought several hot engagements (Oct. 29- 31), after which he was compelled to abandon the field ; but the archduke Charles, the Aus- trian commander, being himself constrained to retreat on receiving tidings of the capitulation of Ulm, Massena was left at liberty to push on with his army. Caldiero was anciently called Calidarium from its thermal springs, which are strongly sulphurous. The baths were built or restored in the first year of the Chris-