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160 CAYENNE PEPPER CAYLUS tion of Billaud-Varennes, Collot d'Herbois, Harare, and 13 others. Many were sent there by Napoleon III. Cayenne became a French colony about 1635. It was taken by the Eng- lish, who held it from 1654 to 1664, when it was retaken by the French. It again fell into the hands of the British in 1667 ; was conquer- ed by the Dutch in 1672, and recovered by the French in 1675; taken by the Portuguese and British in 1809, and finally restored in 1814. CAYENNE PEPPER. See CAPSICUM. CAYES, Anx. See Aux CAYES. CAYLA, Zo Victoire do, countess, a favorite of Louis XVIII., born at Boullay-Thierry, near Dreux, Aug. 5, 1785, died at Saint-Ouen, near Paris, March 19, 1852. She was the daughter of the royalist advocate Antoine Omer Talon (1760-1811) and the countess Pestre, and was educated under the direction of Madame Cam- pan. She acquired celebrity by her beauty, grace, and accomplishments, and married in 1802 M. de Baschi, count du Cayla, who died in 1851. The union was unhappy, and they were formally separated after a protracted liti- gation. In 1807 she obtained the release of her father, who had been sentenced to trans- portation in 1804 as an agent of the Bourbon princes. After the restoration she gained con- siderable influence over Louis XVIIL, though the relation was, according to most authorities, purely platonic. The clerical party turned her influence to account in furthering their de- signs. Lafayette asserts in his memoirs that, at the king's request, she destroyed papers relating to an important lawsuit in which her father had been engaged as one of the Bourbon advocates. The aged monarch en- dowed her with a fine palace at Saint-Ouen, and lavished other gifts and favors upon her ; and she was believed to have increased her wealth by receiving bribes for securing appoint- ments to public offices. After her patron's death in 1824 she became chiefly known by industrial and agricultural enterprises. She founded the Savonnerie, a carpet manufactory (originally one of soap), which in 1826 was transferred to the Gobelins. Mehemet All having presented her with a long-haired Nu- bian rain, she raised by crossing with English sheep a new breed of these animals, to which her name has been given. CAYLEY, Arthur, an English mathematician, born at Richmond in 1821. He was educated at King's college, London, and afterward at Trinity college, Cambridge. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1849, and subse- quently practised as a conveyancer till 1863, when he was called to the newly instituted Sadlerian professorship of pure mathematics in Cambridge university, which post he still occupies (1873). He is a fellow of the royal society, and correspondent of the French insti- tute for the section of astronomy. He has contributed numerous valuable papers to the " Philosophical Transactions " and other scien- tific publications. CAYLEY, Sir George, an English philosopher,, born at Brompton, Yorkshire, in 1773, died Dec. 15, 1857. He undertook the analysis of the mechanical properties of air under chemical and physical action, and his papers on the sub- ject gave rise to many experiments on the navigation of balloons. His experiments on the steam engine led to his invention of the air engine. His discoveries in optics were followed by the invention of an instrument for testing the purity of water by the abstraction of light. He was also the inventor of an ingenious ar- rangement for obtaining and applying electric power to machinery. He was one of the ori- ginal promoters of the polytechnic institution at London. Toward the end of the last cen- tury he applied to his extensive estates in Yorkshire a new system of arterial drainage. He was also the father of the cottage allotment system. As a politician, he took a prominent part in the election of liberal members of par- liament. Upon the passing of the reform bill he was himself chosen member for Scarborough, but on account of age he soon retired. CAYLIIS, or Caylnx, a town of France, depart- ment of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the river Bon- nette, an affluent of the Aveyron, 26 m. N. E. of Montauban; pop. in 1866, 4,950. It has an active trade in agricultural products, and con- tains the ruins of a fortified castle. CAYLIIS. I. Marthe Margnerite de llllette de Murray, marquise de, a French woman of fash- ion, born in Poitou in 1673, died April 25, 1729. A descendant of D'Aubigne, she was converted to Roman Catholicism by her relative Mme. de Maintenon, and acquired celebrity as one of the brilliant wits and social leaders of the French court. Of a precocious beauty, she mar- ried in 1686 the marquis de Caylus, a drunkard, who died in November, 1704. Racine, delight- ed with her histrionic genius, wrote for her the prologue to his tragedy of Esther. Her fond- ness for raillery caused her banishment from the court. Her unhappy marriage led her on her return to accept the duke of Villeroi as her lover. Voltaire remarked that she could not have chosen better, but Mme. de Main- tenon, whom she humorously called Nero, had her once more sent out of the capital. She came back in February, 1707, and after Mme. de Maintenon's death in 1719 her lover resided permanently at her house. Her famous Sou- venirs were edited with notes and a preface by Voltaire (1770 ; new eds., 1804 and 1806), who regarded them as masterpieces of candor and wit ; and Sainte-Beuve assigned to her a distin- guished place in his Galeries des femmes celi- bres (1858). II. Anne Clande Philippe de Tnbieres, count, a French archaeologist, son of the pre- ceding, born in Paris, Oct. 31, 1692, died Sept. 5, 1765. He early entered the military ser- vice, and distinguished himself in the war of the Spanish succession. He then devoted him- self to literary pursuits and to travel, and pub- lished the results of his studies and researches in Recueil (Tantiquites egyptiennes, etrusques,