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CELSIUS CELTIBERIANS 175 by an indurated layer of the tissue which pre- vents the pus from spreading indefinitely. When an abscess is formed, the cellular tissue between it and the surface of the skin is removed by ulceration or absorption, or the pus is evacuated by the knife ; when from excess of inflamma- tion or other cause the capillary circulation is permanently suspended, the vital properties of the tissue are destroyed, and mortification takes place, the dead parts being removed in offensive fluids and pulpy shreds. In chronic inflamma- tion the cellular tissue becomes indurated. In debilitated conditions of the system, after poisoned wounds, and in certain epidemic alter- ations of the air, the usual barrier of circum- scribing lymph is not effused, and the products of inflammation spread extensively through the areolas of the subcutaneous and internal cellular tissue ; this is familiarly seen in phlegmonous erysipelas, and constitutes a most dangerous disease from the extensive suppuration and sloughing of the tissues. In wounds of the lungs a communication is often established be- tween the air passages and this tissue, when the integuments are variously raised by the infiltration of air in the areolee, constituting external emphysema ; a similar condition is artificially produced by the butcher when he blows up his meat. It grows with such ra- pidity that tumors, often of large size, are de- veloped from it; most so-called "fibrous" tumors are composed of this tissue ; in such cases the microscopist is able to detect the fusiform cells and fibres characteristic of the natural tissue. CELSIUS. ! Anders, a Swedish astrono- mer, born Nov. 27, 1701, died in Upsal, April 25, 1744. His grand-uncle, Magnus Celsius (1621-'79), an astronomer, was the discoverer of the Helsing runes. His uncle, Olaf Celsius (1670-1756), a theologian, was one of the founders of the scientific society of Upsal, au- thor of Hierobotanicon (Upsal, 1745-'7), and the first to recognize the genius of Linnaeus. His father, Nils Celsius (1658-1724), was a mathematician and naturalist. Anders was professor of astronomy at Upsal l730-'32, when he visited Doppelmayr in Nuremberg, where he published Observationes Lwninis Bo- realis. He next went to Rome, and in 1734 to Paris, where he subsequently joined Mauper- tuis and his associates in the measurement of the Lapland degree of longitude. On his re- turn to Upsal he published De Obsersationibus pro Figura Telluris determinanda in Gallia hdbitis. The observatory of Upsal was estab- lished in 1740 under his auspices. He was the first to employ the centigrade, also known as the Celsius thermometer. II. Olof de, a Swe- dish historian, cousin of the preceding, born in 1716, died in 1794. In 1747 he became pro- fessor of history at Upsal, was afterward raised to the nobility, and in 1756 founded the first literary journal in Sweden. In 1777 he be- came bishop of Lund, and in 1786 a member of the Swedish academy. His principal works 166 VOL. iv. 12 are a history of Gustavus I. (2 vols., Stock- holm, 1746-'53 ; 3d ed., 1792 ; German trans- lation, Copenhagen, 1753), and a history of Eric XIV. (1774 ; German and French translations, 1777). CELSUS, an Eclectic philosopher of the 2d century. He was the author of a work against Christianity, entitled 'A/lj?% A.ay6s. The work itself is not extant, but a large part of it is con- tained in the answer to it written by Origen a century later. He was skilled in both the Epicurean and Platonic philosophies, and ar- gued d priori against the doctrines of the Christian religion. From the statement given by Origen of his arguments, however, his chief reliance would seem to have been on sarcasm and ridicule. He is admitted by some of the Christian fathers to have exhibited great keen- ness and wit. His work was the first which was written in opposition to Christianity after it became known to the Greeks. CELSrS, Aulus Cornelius, a Roman author, who lived probably during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. He wrote a kind of cyclopedia, De Artibus, containing a series of treatises on rhetoric, history, philosophy, jurisprudence, war, agriculture, and medicine, of which, be- sides some fragments, only De Medicina is still extant. This work is in eight books. He makes known in it the system of Hippocrates, following besides Asclepiades and the Alexan- drians. The first two books treat of diet and the general principles of therapeutics and pa- thology ; the others of particular diseases and their treatment, as well as of surgery. Of its numerous editions, those by Fortius (Florence, 1478), Milligan (Edinburgh, 1826), and Ritter and Olbers (Cologne, 1835), are the best. CELTIBERIANS (Lat. Celtiberi), the people who during the time of the Romans occupied the inland district of Spain lying between the Ebro and the Tagus. The name was sometimes used in a wider sense, including also nearly all the inhabitants of Hispania CJterior. The Celtiberians arose from the mixture of two races, the Celts and the Iberians. Many have supposed that the Iberians were the original inhabitants of Spain, and that the Celts crossed the Pyrenees and invaded their country. Nie- buhr was of the contrary opinion, and believed that the Celts once occupied Spam as far south perhaps as the Sierra Morena, and that the Iberians afterward landed from the Mediterra- nean and drove them northward, expelling them where they were not protected by the nature of the country. - The Celts would seem, in Niebuhr's opinion, not to have been ex- pelled from the mountainous country between the Ebro and the Tagus, but merely to have been subdued by the Iberians, who settled among them, and the two nations became amalgamated. The race thus ' produced re- tained in a high degree the qualities of the original Iberians. They were with great dif- ficulty subdued by Hannibal, and made a long and obstinate resistance to the Romans. Scipio