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262 CHANGING dairy, and fishing are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. The exports to the United Kingdom, comprising cider, wine, apples, and potatoes, amounted in 1870 to 457,389 ; and the imports^ mainly manufactures, wheat, flour, sugar, and coffee, to 916,138. Near Ortach passage, about 6 m. W. of Alderney, are the Caskets, a dangerous cluster of rocks, where Prince William, only son of Henry I., perished in 1120; and the Victory with 1,100 men was lost here in 1744. Many lighthouses have been built off the islands within a few years. These islands were known to the Romans, and are the only portions of the former duchy of Nor- mandy now belonging to Great Britain, to which they have been attached since the con- quest. They still retain a certain independent status, the government being administered by states, the members of which are partly named by the crown, partly chosen by the people, while others sit ex officio. Each of the princi- pal islands has a military lieutenant governor, who sits in the states as representative of the crown. The high sheriff is variously called the ticomte and the prerdt. The royal court in each island consists of the bailiff or judge and the jurats or magistrates. There is no trial by jury, but an appeal may be made to the sovereign in council. The fortifications of the islands cost 500,000 annually, while the reve- nue is only about 20,000. CHINNING, Edward Tyml, LL. D., an Ameri- can scholar, born at Newport, R. I., Dec. 12, 1790, died at Cambridge, Mass., Feb. 8, 1856. He entered Harvard college in 1804, but left in his junior year in consequence of a dispute be- tween the students and the faculty, and did not receive his degree until some years later. He studied law in Boston with his elder bro- ther, Francis Dana Channing, and was admit- ted to the bar, but devoted himself to litera- ture. In 1817-'19 he was editor of "The North American Review," and afterward Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory in Harvard college till 1851. He was a frequent contributor to the " Review " almost to the time of his death, and did much to elevate the standard of culture in his collegiate department. In 1856 a volume containing 20 of his lectures was published, with a memoir by Richard H. Dana, jr. < IIAMG, Walter, an American physician, brother of the preceding, born at Newport, R. I., April 15, 1786. He entered Harvard college in 1804, but left in his junior year on account of the college dispute of 1807. He studied medicine in Boston and Philadelphia, received the degree of M. D. from the univer- sity of Pennsylvania, afterward studied at the university of Edinburgh, and at Guy's and St. Thomas's hospitals in London, and began prac- tice in Boston in 1812. The same year he was appointed lecturer, and in 1815 professor, of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence in Har- vard university, which office he filled until his resignation in 1854. In 1821 he became as- sistant of Dr. James Jackson as physician of the newly established Massachusetts general hospital, and labored there for nearly 20 years. He has been a frequent contributor to medical and literary periodicals, besides publishing "Etherization in Childbirth," illustrated by 581 cases (Boston, 1848) ; a volume of " Miscel- laneous Poems" (1851); and "A Physician's Vacation, or a Summer in Europe " (1856). The treatise on " Etherization in Childbirth " at- tracted great attention both in Europe and America, and had a marked effect on the state of that branch of science. Subsequently he published " Professional Reminiscences of For- eign Travel," "New and Old," and "Reforma- tion of Medical Science" (1857). CHANNING, William Elkry, D. D., an American clergyman and author, brother of the prece- ding, born at Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780, died at Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2, 1842. His physical organization was at once delicate and vigorous; his appearance was grave and re- flective ; his mind was early occupied by re- ligious and poetic conceptions, and he some- times startled his associates by the vehemence with which he would repress any injustice that was attempted. The lessons of his mother had developed his religious sensibility, and the doc- trinal conversations then in vogue had turned his attention to theology, when at the age of 12 he was sent to New London, Conn., to pre- pare for college. His father soon afterw ard died, and to the impression of the funeral and the in- fluence of a revival which then swept over New England he attributed the commencement of his decidedly religious life. Esteemed by his friends for diligence and scholarship, for fine powers and pure habits, he entered the freshman class of Harvard college in 1794. In no single study superior to all of his classmates, he surpassed them all in versatility of talent and the wide range of his accomplishments, and especially in his power of written composition. As his character matured, he devoted himself more and more intently to aspirations after moral greatness. He studied the Stoics, and was profoundly moved by the stern purity which they taught. In reading Hutcheson's essays on "Beauty and Virtue," in which vir- tue is defined as self-devotion to the absolute good, and the universe described as a system of progressive order and beauty in which there are infinite possibilities of spiritual destiny, he attained that sublime view of the dignity of human nature which he ever after maintained. The work of Ferguson on " Civil Society " also concentrated his energies on the thought of social progress. The study of Shakespeare gave him a powerful intellectual impulse, and through life one of his chief intellectual pleas- ures was furnished by recitations from his plays. The interest which he took in preva- lent social agitations appears from the subject of the oration, " The Present Age," which he delivered at the graduation of his class. Hav- ing selected the profession of divinity, he spent