Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/273

CHANT CHANTREY 265 CHANT (It. canto fermo ; Fr. plein chant}, a modification of song, between air and recita- tive, such as is adapted to the psalms and lit- anies. This species of music is very ancient. St. Paul exhorts the early Christians to chant psalms and canticles. Pliny the Younger men- tions that the Christians assembled at break of day to chant their hymns. The chant grew with the progress of Christianity. Pope Sylves- ter about 330 founded a school for its culture ; and St. Ambrose arranged from the old Greek music a new description of chant, the Ambro- sian, which remained in use until superseded by the chant arranged by Pope Gregory the Great, hence called the Gregorian or Roman chant, and which, somewhat modified, is in use at the present day. (See AMBEOSIAN CHANT, and GREGORIAN CHANT.) Chants are properly of three kinds : the monody, sung by one voice ; the antiphony, alternately by two; and the choral, by all voices. CHANTAL, Jeanne Fran? oise Fremiot, baroness de, a saint of the Roman Catholic church, born at Dijon in 1572, died at Moulins in 1641. She was the daughter of a president of the Dijon parliament, and early married Christophe de Rabutin-Chantal. Her husband was killed while hunting, and although she was only 28 years of age, she took a vow never to marry again. From this time her sole occupation and recreation was the education of her children and the care of the sick and the poor. She became acquainted with St. Francis de Sales in 1604, and placed herself entirely under his direction. He communicated to her his project for the establishment of the order of the Visita- tion, and she so far entered into his views that in 1610 she laid the first foundation of that order at Annecy. She established her chil- dren in life (one of whom became the father of Mme. de SeVigne), and then devoted the re- mainder of her days to the order, being desig- nated as the mere de Chantal. At her death the order comprised 87 houses; at the close of the 17th century they numbered 150, and about 6,600 members. Her beatification took place in 1751, and she was canonized by Clem- ent XII. in 1767. Her life and letters were published in Paris, 1779. CHANTIBUN, or Chan-ta-bon, a town of Siamese Cambodia, on a small river 5 m. E. of the gulf of Siam, 140 m. S. E. of Bangkok ; pop. about 30,000, chiefly Chinese. It lies at the foot of a chain of mountains. The exports include pepper, rice, gamboge, cardamoms, and dye- woods, which are shipped on small boats to Bangkok and thence sent to foreign countries. CHANTILLY, a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise, 24 m. N. by E. of Paris ; pop. about 3,500. It abounds in natural beauties.' A forest extending over nearly 7,000 acres ad- joins the fine public park and pleasure grounds. Three annual horse races are held here, the spring race being the most important. The grand chateau, in which the great Cond6 gave splendid entertainments, was destroyed in 1793, and only the renowned stables and the petit chateau remain. The latter, one of the most admired renaissance structures in France, re- verted after the death of the last of the Condea Dome of Stables, Chantilly. in 1830 to the duke d'Aumale, to whom it was restored in 1872, after having been confiscated by Louis Napoleon. The town contains an English chapel. There are several large es- tablishments for supplying lacemakers in the vicinity with patterns and materials for a pe- culiar kind of lace known as Chantilly. CHANTREY, Sir Francis, an English sculptor, born at Norton, Derbyshire, April 7, 1781, died in London, Nov. 25, 1841. Although de- signed for the law, his taste led him to be ap- prenticed to a wood carver; and later, wishing to be more wholly an artist, he undertook modelling in clay, first in Dublin, then in Edin- burgh, and lastly in London. A bust sent in 1806 to the exhibition of the royal academy in- terested Nollekens, a popular sculptor, through whom Chantrey was brought into notice, and soon became famous. He was made a member of the royal academy in 1818, and in 1819 of the academies of Rome and Florence, and was knighted in 1835 ; and as a popular sculptor of monumental figures he acquired a large for- tune. His ideal works are few and unimpor- tant, and some of the best of them are from the designs of others; he suffered moreover from disease of the heart, so that many of his works had to be finished by his assistant, Mr. Weekes; yet he gained the foremost place in this order of sculpture, and his numerous busts form a complete gallery of the most distin- guished men of his time. His monumental works are the most important; the best of them being the "Sleeping Children," in Lich- field cathedral, after designs by Stothard. He enriched Westminster abbey with many sculp- tures, among which the fine statue of Canning is considered his masterpiece. One of his best works is the bronze statue of Pitt, in Hanover