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CHAUVINISM CHAZAL 347 1868, when ill health obliged him to resign his chair, to the duties of which had been added the chancellorship of the university. Many of his contributions to scientific, knowledge were of great practical value, such as his meth- ods of determining the longitude at sea, of rating chronometers, of great circle sailing charts, &c. His "Treatise on Practical and Spherical Trigonometry " (2 vols. 8vo, Phila- delphia, 1863) was declared by Prof. Bond of Harvard college to be " the most thorough and complete which had appeared in any country or language." His other works include " The Binomial Theorem Theory of Exponents and of Logarithms" (1843); "Plane and Spherical Astronomy " (1850), a work following the methods of Gauss and Bessel ; and " On Ele- mentary Geometry " (1870). CHAUVINISM, a term used in France denoting a fanatical adherence to an effete leadership or obsolete national aspirations. At the time of the disbandment of Napoleon's guards in 1815, many soldiers attracted attention by the coincidence of all bearing the name of Chauvin, and of all extolling the fallen emperor. Nicolas Chauvin, a brave but foolish grenadier, created especial merriment by his grotesque displays of attach- ment to his former chief, which were carica- tured on the stage and in print. This is the generally accepted origin of the term, although some authorities seek to trace it to the French chauve (bald), and to connect with it an idea of senility and dotage. ( II U V-DK-1 OM)S, La, a borough of Switzer- land, in the canton and 9 m. N. W. of Neuf- chatel; pop. in 1870, 19,930. It is a large scattered town, resembling an assemblage of farm houses and hamlets, a garden plot sur- rounding every cottage. It is situated in a rugged narrow valley of the Jura, at an eleva- tion of more than 3,000 ft. above the sea. Great prosperity prevails among the inhabi- tants, mainly owing to the manufacture of clocks and watches, of which this place and the neighboring town of Locle are the chief seats. The number of persons employed in this manufacture in the vicinity is about 12,000, who produce annually 800,000 gold and silver watches, worth about $7,000,000. In 1774 the number produced was about 300. The manufacture is not carried on in factories, but in the separate dwellings of the workmen, each of whom usually makes only one particular piece, leaving even the finishing of it to others. The inhabitants excel also in carving, jewelry, and enamelling, and in various other arts of the same kind, and in the manufacture of chemical, mathematical, and surgical instru- ments, and of lace. The painter Leopold Ro- bert and the mechanicians Droz (father and son) were born at La Chaux-de-Fonds. There are here two subterranean mills, turned by the stream before it sinks into a deep chasm under- ground, the rocks having been blasted out to give space for the mills. The Doubs, which flows on the neighboring French frontier, trav- erses a fissure in the limestone, and a few miles N. of Chaux-de-Fonds has a fall of 80 ft., below which for nearly 6 m. it runs between cliffs 800 or 1,000 ft. high. CHAYEE, Honore Joseph, a Belgian philologist, born in Namur, June 3, 1815. He was or- dained in 1838, published in 1841 E&tai d'ety- mologie philosophique, &c., and went in 1844 to Paris, where he became professor at the col- lege Stanislas and the Athenee. About 1855 he established there a school of comparative philology, and in 1867 the Revue de Linguis- tique. He left the priesthood after the publi- cation of his Lexicologie indo-europeenne, &c. (Paris, 1849), in which he supports the theory of the original plurality of races and languages. He also wrote Molse et les langues (1855), and Les langues et les races (1862). CHAVES (anc. Aquae Flavice), a town of Por- tugal, in the province of Tras-os-Montes, 35 m. W. S. W. of Braganza ; pop. about 7,000. The fortifications which once defended it are now in ruins. It is situated on the Tamega river, here crossed by a Roman bridge of 18 arches, and has hot saline springs and baths. It has an interesting church, the burial place of Al- fonso, duke of Braganza. On March 12, 1809, after a violent conflict, Soult obtained posses- sion of the place ; and after the defeat of the Cartistas (Sept. 18, 1837), the convention of Chaves was signed here. CHAVES, Manoel de Silveyra Pinto de Fonseca, marquis of, and count of Amarante, a Portu- guese general and statesman, born at Villa Real, died in Lisbon, March 7, 1830. He was opposed to the Portuguese liberals, and on the arrival of the duke of Angouleme in Spain in 1823, he raised the standard of revolution in Portugal in favor of Dom Miguel and absolu- tism. He was proclaimed a traitor, and being defeated by Gen. Riego, he retired into Spain. There he continued to carry on his intrigues, and on the death of John VI. in 1826 he returned to Lisbon. He performed a conspicu- ous part in the disturbances which followed, and underwent the vicissitudes of exile and return, always retreating after his numerous defeats over the Spanish frontier. To put an end to the intrigues of the Portuguese refugees with the Spanish court, the English, who were favorable to the constitutional cause in Por- tugal, declared that any participation in the struggle by the Spanish authorities would be regarded as a casus belli. To avoid this risk, Chaves was sent away from the frontier. Subsequently, after Dom Miguel had been in- stalled as regent, February, 1828, Chaves re- turned to Portugal and assisted the usurper in seizing the crown for himself. This accom- plished, he was neglected, and soon afterward retired from court, disgusted with the ingrati' tude of Dom Miguel ; and the latter part of his life was spent in gloom and obscurity, still more saddened by partial insanity. CHAZAL, Antoine, a French painter and de- signer, born in Paris in 1793, died there in