Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/39

CARROLL CARROT 31 and on Aug. 2, when the declaration was first formally signed, he was one of the earliest signers. As he affixed his signature a member ohsi-rved, " There go a few millions;" and add- ing, " however, there are many Charles Carrolls, and the British will not know which one it is," Mr. Carroll immediately added to his name " of Carrollton," and was ever afterward known by that title. He took his seat July 18, and was soon afterward placed in the board of war. In the latter part of 1776 he was one of the committee to draft the constitution of Mary- land, and in December of the same year he was chosen to the senate of that state. In 1777 he was reappointed a delegate to congress. In 1781 and 1786 he was reflected to the Mary- land senate, and in 1788 chosen a United States senator. In 1797 he was again elected to the senate of Maryland, and in 1799 he was ap- pointed one of the commissioners to settle the boundary line between Virginia and Maryland. In 1810 he retired from public life, and after- ward devoted his time to the management of his estate. On July 4, 1821, the fact that only four of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence were still living was noticed in many of the newspapers. Of these, William Floyd of New York died 30 days afterward. The death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1826, left Charles Carroll of Carroll- ton the last surviving signer. In the perform- ance of their obsequies, funeral honors being paid them in Baltimore as in many other cities, Mr. Carroll was chief mourner. On July 4, 1828, after he had passed the age of 90 years, in the presence of a vast concourse of specta- tors and attended by an imposing civic proces- sion, he laid the corner stone of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. CARROLL, John, an American prelate, born at Upper Marlborough, Md., in 1735, died Dec. 3, 1815. He was educated in the colleges of St. Omer and Liege, at the latter of which he was ordained a priest, and after surrender- ing his patrimonial estate to his brother be- came a member of the society of Jesus. Upon the dissolution of that society in France in 1762, he acted as the secretary of the dis- persed fathers in their remonstrance with the court of France respecting the temporal inter- ests of the order. He then went to England, and was selected by a Catholic nobleman to accompany his son as tutor in a tour of Europe. On his return to the continent in 1773, he was for a short time professor at Bruges and after- ward retired to England, living with the family of the earl of Arundel. On the breaking out of the troubles between Great Britain and the American colonies, he returned to America, and was invited by a special resolution of con- gress to accompany his cousin, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Dr. Franklin, and Samuel Chase on a political mission to Canada, from which it was hoped that great benefits would ensue to the colonial cause. After the establishment of peace the Roman Catholic clergy of the United 157 VOL. IT. 3 States petitioned the pope for the establishment of a hierarchy in this country, and at Dr. Frank- lin's instance Mr. Carroll was appointed vicar general in 1786, when he fixed his abode in Baltimore. In 1789 he was appointed the first Catholic bishop in the United States. He was consecrated in England, assuming the title of bishop of Baltimore ; and in 1815, shortly be- fore his death, he was created archbishop. (AKRON, a small river of Scotland, 14 m. long, rising between the friths of Forth and Clyde, and flowing into the frith of Forth, about 3 m. N. of Falkirk. About half a mile from the stream, near Falkirk, is the battle ground where the English defeated Wallace in 1298. The Carron was the boundary of the Roman empire, the wall of Antoninus running close to and parallel with it for several miles. In the early part of the 5th century many bat- tles between the Romans and the Scots and Picts were fought near this river. The village of Carron, on its banks, is known for its large iron works, established in 1760, at which the kind of cannon called carronades was first con- structed in 1779. CARROT (daucus carota, Tourn.), a plant of the natural order umbelliferce, or parsley fam- ily. It is a biennial, bearing seeds on stems 2 to 2J ft. high, in clusters called umbels. It may be seen growing in its wild state in pas- tures, where it is a great pest. The tap root of the domesticated carrot is raised from seeds sown in cultivated ground, and has long been used in soups and stews,, and is a favorite in Germany and France. It is a promoter of di- gestion, and is especially valued as a substantial food for horses and other stock. Butter of an excellent quality and bright color can be made by feeding a peck of carrots morning and night to each milch cow. They can be raised at the rate of 500 to 1,500 bushels per acre. The best soil is a deep dry loam, rich from previous manuring. The carrot germinates slowly, re- quiring about three weeks before it appears above ground. This slow growth allows the weeds time to start, and makes culture more expensive. To avoid this, it has been the practice with many to drill radishes, mustard, or oats with them, to mark the rows at an early period so as to allow the spaces between the rows to be cleaned, even before the plants are up. Some growers place the seed in a bag, and bury it in the earth until it begins to swell and show signs of sprouting, when it is rolled in plaster and planted. The amount of seed re- quired is 2 to 4 Ibs. per acre, depending on nearness of drills ; if radishes are sown with them, an equal bulk will be required. Early carrots for house use are sown as soon as the soil is fit to receive the seed. Field carrots do bet- ter, sown from May 10 to June 10. In Eng- land carrots are best grown on ridges, but in our warm climate flat culture is to be preferred. In gardens they are sown in drills 15 to 20 in. asunder, and cultivated by hand. In the field they are planted from 24 to 30 in. apart, grown