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CARUS CARY 45 artzlichen Studien und drtzlichem Wirlcen wah- rend eines hallen Jahrhunderts (1859) ; Natur und Idee, oder das Werdende und sein Gesetz (Vienna, 1861) ; and Lebenserinnerungen und DenTcwurdigkeiten (4 vols., Leipsic, 1865-'6). CARUS, Miin-us Aurelius, a Roman emperor, bom at Narbo (Narbonne) in Gaul (according to other authorities, at Milan or in Illyria), about A. D. 222, died in 283. His descent is doubtful, but it is supposed that his father was an African, and his mother a noble Roman lady. He was educated in Rome, attained the highest military and civil offices, was praetorian prefect, and was proclaimed emperor by the legions, on the assassination of Probus, in 282. He caused justice to be executed upon the as- sassins. He gained a signal victory over the Sarmatians, and prosecuted the war against the Persians. Undertaking the campaign in midwinter, and making a rapid march through Thrace and Asia Minor, he ravaged Mesopota- mia, made himself master of Seleucia, and car- ried his arms beyond the Tigris, where he died suddenly in his camp, according to some killed by a stroke of lightning. CARUS, Victor Julius, a German zoologist, born in Leipsic, Aug. 25, 1823. He is the grandson of Friedrich August Carus (1770- 1807), who was a professor and author of six posthumous volumes on philosophy (1808-' 10). His father, Ernst August Carus (1795-1854), was for many years professor of surgery at Dorpat, and author of a handbook of surgery (1838). Victor was educated at the university of Leipsic, became assistant physician there, and in 1849 was appointed director of the mu- seum of comparative anatomy at Oxford. He returned to Leipsic in 1851, and has been since 1853 professor of comparative anatomy and di- rector of the zootomical collection in th^t uni- versity. He has published System der thieri- schen Morphologie (1853) ; Icones Zootomicce (1857 et seq.) ; with Engelmann, Bibliotheca Zoologica (2 vols., 1862); with Gerstacker, Handbuch der Zoologie (1868 et seq.); and Geschichte der Zoologie bis auf Johannes Mutler und Charles Darwin (Munich, 1872). CARVAJAL, Tom-is Jose Gonzales, a Spanish au- thor, born in Seville, Dec. 21, 1753, died Nov. 9, 1834. He was appointed in 1795 governor of the new colonies in Sierra Morena and An- dalusia ; protested against the French invasion of Spain in 1808; from 1809 to 1811 served as commissary in the Spanish army against Napo- leon; in 1813 became minister of finance; re- linquished these offices to assume the director- ship of the royal university of Isidro; was arrested and detained in prison from 1815 to 1820, and exiled from 1823 to 1827. At the time of his death he was member of the supreme council of war, of the military depart- ment of the Spanish and Indian boards, and a grandee of Spain. He learned Hebrew at the age of 57, in order to translate the Psalms. He published Los Salmos (5 vols., Valencia, 1819), and Los libros poeticos de la Santa Bi- l>lia (6 vols., Valencia, 1827). His Opusculos ineditos en prosa y en verso appeared after his death (13 vols., Madrid, 1847). CARVALHO E MELLO. See POMBAL. CARVER, a S. E. county of Minnesota, bounded S. E. by the Minnesota river, and intersected by Crow river ; area, 375 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,586. The surface is undulating, the soil fertile, and it is watered by numerous lakes and streams. There is a railroad from Minne- apolis to Chaska, and the proposed Hastings and Dakota railroad will pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 298,852 bushels of wheat, 122,140 of Indian corn, 140,375 of oats, 33, 987 of barley, 54, 207 of potatoes, 19,694 tons of hay, 211,497 Ibs. of butter, and 16,313 of wool. There were 1,691 horses, 4,170 milch cows, 8,381 other cattle, 5,501 sheep, and 7,874 swine. Capital, Chaska. CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth colony, born in England, died at Plymouth, Mass., in April, 1621. He left his country for the sake of religion, and established himself at Leyden, whence he was sent to effect a treaty with the Virginia company concerning terri- tory in North America. He obtained a patent in 1619, and proceeded in the Mayflower with 101 colonists.. After a dangerous voyage they arrived at Plymouth, where Carver was unani- mously elected governor. He managed the affairs of the infant colony with prudence, and exhibited great address in his intercourse with the Indians, but died within four months after landing, his wife surviving him only six weeks. CARVER, Jonathan, an American traveller, born at Stillwater, N. Y M in 1732, died in Lon- don, Jan. 31, 1780. He abandoned the study of medicine for a military life, bought an en- signcy, became a captain, and served in the war by which the Canadas came into the pos- session of Great Britain. At the conclusion of peace in 1763 he undertook to explore the inte- rior of North America, and to open new chan- nels of commerce. He penetrated to the Minne- sota river, and returned to Boston in 1 768. Pro- ceeding to England, he unsuccessfully solicited from the king requital of his expenses, and aid in publishing his charts and journals. He was even commanded to deliver up his papers, now ready for publication, as being the proper- ty of the government, and was obliged to re- purchase them from the bookseller to whom ho had sold them. In 1778 he published " Travels through the Interior Parts of North America," and in 1779 a " Treatise on the Culture of the Tobacco Plant." CARVIN, a town of France, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 15 m. N. E. of Arras; pop. in 1866, 6,546. It has starch and sugar fac- tories, and distilleries. CARY. I. Alice, an American author, born in the Miami valley, 8 m. N. of Cincinnati, Ohio, April 26, 1820, died in New York, Feb. 12, 1871. Her parents were people of considerable culture, but she had only the slight advantages of education afforded by a newly settled country.