Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IV.djvu/573

CHRYSEl'S CIIRYSOSTOM 561 fixed by the posterior portion, and usually open in a few days, while in others the chrys- alis state lasts through the winter, either in the open air, underground, in holes in walls and trees, or in silken cocoons. Some of the social caterpillars remain in company in the chrysalis state, each constructing a cocoon at the end of their last nest. The most useful of these cocoons is that of the silkworm; but other caterpillars form coverings more remark- able in shape and presupposing greater intel- ligence in the makers. As in the previous stages of the metamorphosis, the chrysalis opens on the back to give exit to the perfect insect. CHRYSEIS, daughter of Chryses, a Trojan priest of Apollo, mentioned in the Iliad. Wheji Lyrnessus was taken by the Greeks, in the distribution of the spoils she fell to Aga- memnon. On his refusal to give her up to her father, who offered a rich ransom, Apollo sent his arrows into the Grecian camp in an- swer to the prayers of his priest, spreading a pestilence among the soldiers. Agamemnon was then forced to surrender his captive, but to fill her place seized upon Brise'is, who had fallen to Achilles. Hence arose the quarrel between these two warriors which prolonged the Trojan war, and with which the story of the Iliad opens. CHRYSIPPUS, a Greek philosopher of the Stoic school, born at Soli, in Cilicia, in 280 B. C., died in 207. It appears that he went to Athens after having lost a large fortune, and became a pupil of the Stoic Cleanthes, perhaps of Zeno himself, but at the same time diligent- ly studied the arguments of the Skeptics against the Stoic doctrines. His acuteness in argu- ment obtained for him the designation of "the sword for the knots of academicians." In his philosophical system he followed closely in the steps of his master, whose doctrines he seems to have made popular. It is stated that he was the author of 700 works. Only a few fragments of them have been preserved. The most elaborate essays upon Chrysippus and his philosophy are those of Baguet, De Chrysippi Vita, Doclrina, et Reliquiis (Louvain, 1822), and F. 0. Petersen, Philosophic Chrysippi Fundamenta (Hamburg and Altona, 1827). CHRYSOBERYL(Gr. xp6s, gold, and /J^Jlof, beryl), a gem, also called cymophane (KV/J.O, wave, and <j>aiveiv, to appear), so named from a peculiar opalescence it sometimes exhibits. It occurs in crystals derived from the rectan- gular prism. It is of vitreous lustre, specific gravity 3'5 to 3'8, and hardness 8 4 5. The crystals aro transparent or translucent, and of light shades of green, colored by oxide of iron and sometimes probably by chrome. The finest transparent crystals are cut with facets, and are then known and highly prized by the name of oriental chrysolite or oriental topaz. If opalescent, they are usually cut en cdbochon, and unless very brilliant are of little value. The mineral consists of nearly 80 per cent, of alumina and 20 of glucina ; a small proportion of oxide of iron is usually present. It is found in Brazil and Ceylon, in rolled pebbles among alluvial deposits ; in the Ural, associated with beryl in mica slate ; in Haddam, Conn., in granite, with garnet, beryl, &c. It also oc- curs in Vermont, and near Saratoga, N. Y. CHRYSOLITE (Gr. xpvah, gold, and A/flof, stone ; so named from its color), a common constituent of some eruptive rocks, and also occurring in or among metamorphic rocks, with talcose schist, hypersthene rocks, and serpentine ; or as a rock formation ; also a constituent of many meteorites. The eruptive rocks, basalt and basaltic lava, consist of chrysolite (the variety olivine), along with labradorite or other feldspar, and augite. It is essentially a silicate of magnesia, with from 6 to 8 per cent, of protoxide of iron. CHRYSOLORAS, Manuel, a learned Greek of Constantinople, the first who revived the study of Greek literature in Italy toward the close of the middle ages, born about the middle of the 14th century, died at Constance, April 15, 1415. The eastern empire being in danger of overthrow by Bajazet II., Chrysoloras was sent by the emperor about 1390 as ambassador to the western powers to solicit aid against the Turks. He visited Italy, France, and Eng- land ; but his mission having failed, he was induced about 1395 to become a public teacher of Greek at Florence. He passed thence to various Italian universities, and was the pre- ceptor of several early Hellenists ; among others, of Leonardo Bruni, Poggio, and Guarino of Verona. His Erotemata, an introduction to Greek grammar, was the first and long the only channel to a knowledge of that language, save oral instruction ; and it was several times reprinted after the grammars of Gaza and Las- caris had come more into use. He wrote many religious works, and letters on various subjects, most of which exist only in manuscript. He enjoyed a high reputation for eloquence and theological learning, was employed by Gregory XII. in negotiations for the reunion of the Greek and Latin churches, and accompanied Pope John XXIII. to the council of Con- stance, where he died. His nephew, JOHN CHYSOLOBAS (died 1462), followed him to Italy, and has sometimes been confounded with him. CHRYSOSTOM, John, a bishop, doctor, and saint of the eastern church, born in Antioch, according to the best authorities, Jan. 14, 347, died Sept. 14, 407. His name was only John, the appellation Chrysostom (Gr. Xpwr<5(rro//o?, the golden-mouthed), by which he is usually known, not having been given to him until the 7th century. His father, Secundus, who was magister militum Orientis, died while John was still in his infancy. Arethusa, his mother, left a widow in her 20th year, resolved to re- main single in order to devote her whole life to her boy. Intending him to follow the legal profession, she sought for him the best school of eloquence, and placed him with the re-