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564 CHUB took np his abode in Cucusus, a town of the Armenian Taurus. Again the indignant popu- lace arose to demand his recall ; but, although in their fury they burned to the ground the senate house and the metropolitan church, the emperor firmly withstood all their clamor. The devoted adherents of the exiled archbishop would not acknowledge while he lived the ju- risdiction of any other, and, under the name of " Johannites," they worshipped apart until his remains were brought to Constantinople in 438. For about 18 months Chrysostom resided in Cucusus, when an attack of the Isaurians compelled him to take refuge in the distant stronghold of Arabissus. In the latter place, as in the former, he continued to be the light and life of the Asiatic church. At length a new decree banished him to the remote desert of Pityus. On foot, bareheaded, beneath a burn- ing sun, he was driven pitilessly along by his military escort, until he broke down on reach- ing Comana in Cappadocia. He felt that the end was at hand ; and putting on a white robe, he dragged himself feebly a few miles further to the tomb of St. Basiliscus, where he laid himself down to rest for ever. The surround- ing country flocked to his obsequies, and hon- ored his remains as those of a man of God. Thirty years later the entire population of Con- stantinople, headed byTheodosiusII., welcomed the relics back with solemn pomp and rejoicing. Chrysostom was a voluminous writer. The best edition of his works is that of the Bene- dictines, in Greek, with a Latin translation (13 vols. folio, Paris, 1718-'38; reprinted in Venice, 1734-'41 ; in Paris, 1834-'39; and in Migne's Patrologia, 1859-'60). A translation into English of his homilies is contained in the " Library of the Fathers " (Oxford, 1842-'58). Most of his works are homilies and commen- taries on the Bible. A minute analysis of his writings is contained in Butler's " Lives of the Saints." His biography has been written, among others, by Neander (2 vols., Berlin, 1821-'2 ; 3d ed., 1848), Perthes (English trans- lation, Boston, 1854), Rochet (Paris, 1866), and Stephens ("St. Chrysostom, his Life and Times," London, 1872). CHRZANOWSKI, Adalbert, a Polish general, born in the palatinate of Cracow in 1788, died in Louisiana in 1861. He took part in Napoleon's campaign against Russia (1812), and fought at Leipsic (1813), under the walls of Paris (1814), and at Waterloo (1815). After the fall of Na- poleon he took service in the national army of Poland, at that time reorganized as a kingdom by the emperor Alexander I., and served under Diebitsch in Turkey (1828-'9). Having been made lieutenant colonel, he was at Warsaw when the Polish revolution of 1830 broke out. Adhering to the provisional government, he was appointed commander of the fortress of Modlin, January, 1831, and subsequently chief of Skrzy- necki's staff. He distinguished himself by his defence of the line of the Wieprz, by his victory at Kock, by his successful operations in Pod- lachia, and by his retreat to and from Zamosc, whence he carried a large park of artillery to the capital. Having been made general of brigade, he was further promoted to the rank of general of division after the victory of Minsk (July 14) ; but an interview held with Gen. Thiemann, the object of which was not di- vulged, roused suspicion against him, which was strengthened by his opposition to strong measures, and by the inactivity of Skrzynecki, who followed his suggestions. But in spite of his freely uttered misgivings as to the final success of the struggle, he retained his com- mand, and after the events of the night of Aug. 15 was appointed governor of Warsaw under Krukowiecki. His behavior, however, during the storming of Warsaw, and his staying in the conquered capital, which he was allowed to leave afterward with a Russian passport, seem- ed to confirm the charges against him. After his arrival at Brussels a formal protest was sent to the Belgian government from the Polish or- ganization in Paris against his reception as a Polish refugee. In 1849, after a lapse of 18 years spent in obscurity, he was chosen by Charles Albert of Sardinia as commander-in- chief, though only with the rank of lieutenant general, in his second war against Austria. His arrangements, which made Novara and the highway to Milan the centre of operations, and neglected the lines of the Ticino and Po, and the unexpected advance of Radetzky, who crossed the Po at Pavia and cut off the corps of Ramorino, combined to produce the disaster of Novara (March 23), which terminated the short campaign and the political career of Charles Albert. Chrzanowski and Ramorino were both charged with treachery, and the lat- ter was executed. Chrzanowski put forth an elaborate vindication of his conduct, returned to Paris in 1850, and some time after emigrated to America. CHIAPA, a river of Chili, forming the boun- dary between the provinces of Coquimbo and Aconcagua. It rises on the W. slope of the Andes, near the volcano of Chuapa, and falls into the Pacific, in lat. 31 38' S., after a W. course of about 125 m. Its chief tributary, the Illapel, joins it on the north near the town of the same name. (Ill B, or (heven (levciscus cephalus, Flem.), a common fresh-water fish, of the family cypri- nidce. It is abundant in almost nil the slow- running, soft, clear streams of England ; and sufficiently plentiful, of a kindred although dis- tinct species, in similar waters of the United States. (See DACE.) In all modern languages this fish takes its name from the head, which is of somewhat inordinate size. In old English it is called cop, in French tetard, and in Ital- ian capitome. It considerably resembles the carp in form, but is longer and scarcely so thick. The body is oblong, rather round, and of a pretty equal thickness in the greater part of the slope. The scales are large; the irides and cheeks silvery ; the head and back of a