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628 CLAIRAUT CLALLAM bounded S. by Clinch river; area, about 350 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 9,321, of whom 758 were colored. The surface is hilly, and in some places mountainous. It possesses a fertile soil, and has mines of lead, zinc, and iron, the last of which are very extensive and profitably worked. The chief productions in 1870 were 33,901 bushels of wheat, 204,840 of Indian corn, 59,039 of oats, and 11,301 of potatoes. There were 1,752 horses, 2,112 milch cows, 8,613 other cattle, 9,730 sheep, and 11,942 swine. Capital, Tazewell. CLAIRAUT, Alexis Claude, a French mathema- tician, born in Paris, May 7, 1713, died there, May 17, 1765. At the age of 13 he read be- fore the French academy a memoir upon four curves of his own discovery; at 16 he had written a treatise upon curves of double curva- ture; and at 18 he was admitted into the academy of sciences. His maturer powers were employed in researches upon the figure of the earth, in which he demonstrated the theorem that the variation of gravity on the surface of the earth, considered as an elliptic spheroid, is altogether independent of the law of density, and may be deduced from a knowl- edge of the form of the exterior surface ; on the theory of the moon ; and on the orbit of Halley's comet. In each of these subjects he showed wonderful powers, and gained the most distinguished honor. He published nu- merous scientific works. CLAIRFAIT. See CLKRFATT. CLAIRON, Claire Josephe Hlppplyte Leyris de Latnde, a French actress, born in Flanders in 1723, died in Paris, Jan. 18, 1803. She was not 13 years old when she appeared with great success at a Parisian theatre. She afterward became an opera singer, and finally was ad- mitted in 1743 to the Theatre Francais, where she first played the part of Phedre. She great- ly contributed to the success of several of Vol- taire's tragedies; she paid a visit to the old poet at Ferney, and performed in his private theatre. Having declined to play in the Siege . de Calais with a comedian guilty of an act of dishonesty, she was thrown into prison ; and sufficient amends for such treatment having been denied her, she refused to reappear on the stage. She was then but 42 years of age, and her talent had reached its zenith. Her coquetry gave occasion for the publication of a scandalous pamphlet called Hwtoire de Fretil- lon. When 50 years old she became the favor- ite of the margrave of Anspach, at whose court she resided for nearly 18 years. In 1791, on being supplanted by Lady Craven, she re- turned to Paris, and published there in 1799 her Memoires, which derive interest from their remarks on dramatic art. She died poor. ( L UHVAI'X. a village of France, in the de- partment of Aube, on the left bank of the river Aube, 30 m. S. E. of Troyes; pop. about 2,000. It was the seat of a celebrated mon- astery dependent on the abbey of Citeaux, founded in 1114, in a wild glen, by Hugues, count of Champagne, and having St. Bernard as its first abbot. The foundation was increased by Thibaut, count of Champagne, and rich gifts were added by many kings of France, counts of Flanders, and other noble benefactors. The monks followed a rule of life which still fur- ther swelled their revenues. Timber was felled, saw mills were erected, the lands were drained and irrigated, farms were carefully tilled, tan yards, forges, oil mills, grain mills, fulling mills, and various hydraulic works were put in operation, cloth was woven, wool was spun, and the products not required for the use of the abbey were sold at Chatillon-sur- Seine, Bar-sur-Aube, &c. At the same time Clairvaux was a seat of learning, and was the abode at different periods of Pope Eugenius III., 15 cardinals, and many other dignitaries. In 1153 there were 700 monks within the abbey walls, and 76 other monasteries were affiliated to this. In the 17th century it pos- sessed nearly 50 villages, a vast number of farms, large vineyards, 60,000 acres of forest, 1,500 acres of fallow laud, 4 metal forges and founderics, and an income of $120,000 a year; the number of its affiliated houses was 537, while the circuit of its walls exceeded that of the neighboring town of Chaumont. Its vast buildings have been converted into a prison (maison centrale de detention), where the con- victs are employed in several trades, the pro- ceeds of which defray the expenses of the es- tablishment. It is one of the best regulated prisons in France. The abbey church, which contained the tombs of St. Bernard and of sev- eral kings and princes, was torn down to make room for the prison yard. CLAJFS. L Johann, a German clergyman and author, whose real name was CLAI, born at Herzberg, electoral Saxony, about 1533, died at Bendeleben, Thuringin, April 11, 1592. He studied at Grimma and Wittenberg, and became a teacher of music, poetry, and Greek at Goldberg. After returning to Wittenberg to qualify himself for the ministry, he was in- stalled in 1572 as rector at Nordhausen, and in 1574 at IJendeleben. He acquired eminence by his erudition, by his German and Latin poems, by his German, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew edi- tions of Luther's minor catechism, and espe- cially by his Grammatica Germanicce Linguae (Leipsic, 1578), which was one of the earliest and most thorough works of the kind. II. Johann, a German clergyman and poet, born in Meissen in 1616, died at Kitzingen in 1656. He studied theology at Wittenberg, and in 1647 became a teacher at Nuremberg, and in 1650 a preacher at Kitzingen. He was one of the leaders of the Nuremberg school of poetry, and with Harsdorfer founded the poetical union known as the Pegnitzorden. He published the Pegnesisches Rchafergedicht (Nuremberg, 1644), and several of his Geistliche Trauer- und Freu- denspiele continue to be popular. CLALLAM, a N. W. county of Washington territory, bounded N. by the strait of Juan