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166 IDAHO to the Utah border. The territory is divided ' into nine counties : Ada, Alturas, Boise, Idaho, Lemhi, Nez Perce, Oneida, Owyhee, and Slio- shone. The principal towns are Boise City (the capital), Idaho City, Maladc City, and Sil- ver City in the S. part, each having in 1870 less than 1,000 inhabitants, and Lewiston at the junction of the Snake and Clear water rivers. The population of the territory in 1870, exclu- sive of tribal Indians, was 14,990, including 4,274 Chinese, 60 colored, and 47 Indians ; 12,- 184 were male and 2,815 female; 7,114 native and 7,885 foreign born ; 897 males and 798 fe- males were between 5 and 18 years of age, 9,431 males (3,288 native and 6,143 foreign) from 18 to 45, and 10,313 (3,680 native and 6,633 for- eign) 21 years old and upward. Of the natives, 94o were born in the territory, 804 in New York, 550 in Ohio, 536 in Missouri, 479 in Utah, 416 in Pennsylvania, 400 in Illinois, 348 in Oregon, and 312 in Iowa. Of the for- eigners, 1,984 were natives of Great Britain, of whom 986 were Irish, 599 of Germany, and 334 of British America. There were 553 per- sons born in Idaho living in other parts of the Union ; 5,557 male citizens of the United States, 21 years old and over, in the territory ; 3,293 persons, 10 years old and upward, unable to read, and 3,388 unable to write, including 2,872 Chinese; 4,104 families and 4,622 dwellings; 10,879 persons, 10 years old and over, engaged in occupations, of whom 1,462 were employed in agriculture, 1,423 in professional and per- sonal services, 721 in trade and transportation, and 7,273 in manufactures and mechanical and mining industries. The tribal Indians in 1872 numbered about 5,800. The Nez Perces, 2,807 in number, occupy a reservation of 1,344,000 acres in the N. part of the territory ; they are well advanced in civilization, extensively en- gaged in agriculture, and had two schools in operation, attended by 124 pupils. The Bois6 and Bruneau Shoshones, numbering 516, and the Bannacks, 521, have a reservation of 1,568,- 000 acres in the S. E. part of the territory, near the Snake river. These reservations receive limited annuities from the United States, and are in charge of the Presbyterians. The Coeur d'Alenes, Spokanes, Kootenays, and Pond d'Oreilles, about 2,000 in the aggregate, oc- cupy a reservation of 256,000 acres, 30 or 40 m. N. of the Nez Perces. They receive no annui- ties, and are largely under the influence of the Catholic missionaries of the Cceur d'Alene mis- sion. The general surface of the territory is a table land, with an elevation of from 2,000 to 5,000 ft. above the sea, but containing nu- merous depressed valleys, each watered by a considerable stream, and crossed by mountain ranges or spurs, with peaks rising above the line of perpetual snow. These spurs, branch- ing from the Bitter Root and main chain of the Rocky mountains, and traversing the whole width of the territory, are mostly named from the streams that rise in them or flow along the valleys at their base. In the north, near the ! international boundary, are the Kootenay moun- tains ; S. of these is the Cceur d'Alene range, and further S. and along the Clearwater river and its tributaries are the Clearwater moun- tains. Along the upper Salmon river and at its head waters is the lofty and rugged Salmon River range, and further up the Snake from the mouth of Salmon river are successively found the Weiser, Payette, Boise, Owyhee (in the 8. W. portion of the territory), and Saw Tooth mountains. The Bear River mountains are in the S. E. corner, and along the N. portion of the Wyoming border is the Teton range. The Three Buttes are isolated peaks in the S. part, N. and W. of the Snake. The Snake river or Lewis fork of the Columbia and its branches drain the entire territory, except a portion about 120 m. long in the extreme north, which is watered by Clarke's fork, the Spokane, and the Kootenay, and a small tract in the S. E. corner, which is intersected by Bear river. The Snake river, rising in the W. part of Wyoming, after entering Idaho, flows N. W., then bends S. W., and again N. W., making an immense curve through the S. part of the territory, and strikes the Oregon boundary in about lat. 43 40', after which it flows N. forming the W. boundary of Idaho to about lat. 46 30', where it turns W. and enters Washington ter- ritory. Steamers ascend to Lewiston in Nez Perc6 co., just above the point where it as- sumes a W. course. For more than 100 m. above Lewiston the river is shallow and rapid, and navigation is difficult and dangerous; but above the mouth of Powder river it is again navigable for 150 or 200 m. The principal tributaries are the Bruneau from the south, the Malade from the north, and from the east the Bois6, the Payette, the Weiser, the Salmon, the Clearwater, and the Palouse. The Boise' enters the Snake just below the point where it as- sumes a N. course ; the Payette and Weiser lie between it and the Salmon. The Salmon river rises in the Salmon River mountains near the centre of the S. portion of the territory, and flows N. along the base of the Rocky moun- tains, turns abruptly W., and after traversing the entire width of the territory joins the Snake near the middle of the W. boundary. The Clearwater rises by several forks in the Bitter Root mountains, and flows W., joining the Snake at Lewiston. The Palouse rises N. of the Clearwater, and empties into the Snake in Washington territory. The Spokane, flowing W. and joining the Columbia in Washington territory, forms the outlet of Cceur d'Alfene lake, a navigable body of water of irregular shape, about 24 m. long by 2 or 3 m. wide, which receives the Cosur d'Alene and St. Jo- seph's rivers from the Bitter Root mountains. Further N. Clarke's fork crosses the territory from E. to W., expanding into a lake about 30 m. long and 5 m. wide near the E. bound- ary, called Pend d'Oreille. The river and lake are navigable by steamers through Idaho. The N. E. corner is crossed by the Kootenay, a trib-