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HOUGHTON HOUND 11 constituency till Aug. 20, 1863, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Houghton. He began his political life as a conservative, but soon allied himself with the liberals. In the house of commons he advocated popular education, religious equality, and measures for the reformation of criminals, and proved him- self a warm friend of Italy in its struggles for unity and freedom. In early life he travelled much in southern Europe and in the East, and he has published several volumes of travels and a number of poems, some of the latter descriptive of oriental life and scenery. His works are : " Memorials of a Tour in Greece " (1833); "Memorials of a Residence on the Continent, and Historical Poems," and " Poeti- cal Works" (1838); "Poetry for the People, and other Poems" (1840); "Memorials of Many Scenes: Poems " (1843); "Palm Leaves: Eastern Poems," "Poems Legendary and His- torical," and " Poems of Many Years " (1844) ; "Good Night and Good Morning" (1859); "Monographs, Personal and Social" (1873); and " Poetical Works " (1874). He edited the letters and literary remains of John Keats, with a memoir (1848), has published many pam- phlets and speeches on political topics, includ- ing "Thoughts on Party Politics," ' Real Union of England and Ireland," and "Events of 1848, especially in their relation to Great Britain," and has contributed articles to the " Westmin- ster Review " and other periodicals. HOUGHTON, William, an English clergyman, born in Norwich in 1807. He graduated at Highbury college, London, in 1832, and in 1833 became minister of the Congregational church at Windsor. In 1844 he succeeded Dr. Robert Vaughan as minister of the Congregational society at Kensington, and in 1855 was elected chairman of the Congregational union of Eng- land and Wales, and delivered the " Congrega- tional lecture," his subject being " The Ages of Christendom." Dr. Houghton has travelled extensively in the East, and has written many books, the most important of which is "The Ecclesiastical History of England " (4 vols., Lon- don, 1870). Among his other works is " Coun- try Walks of a Naturalist with his Children " (1869). He represented the English Indepen- dents at the meeting of the evangelical alliance held in New York in 1873. HOUND (cani* sagax), the name of several varieties of large and powerful dogs hunting by scent, and trained to pursue the stag, the fox, the hare, and other animals, and even man. The progenitors of the hound races were probably, according to Hamilton Smith, the jungle koola (lycucus tiyris, H. Smith) and the buansuah (canin primavvs, Hodg.), both of the warmer parts of Asia. (See Doo.) These were domesticated after the more wolf-like varieties, and display in all the breeds a ten- dency to the three colors of white, black, and tan, characterizing them in their wild state. The cranium has a larger cerebral cavity than in less sagacious dogs, with a more convex fore- head, wider space between the eyes for the organ of smell, and broader jaws ; most varie- ties have also a wide nose, full and prominent eyes, large hanging ears, a raised and truncated tail, and often a spurious toe on the hind feet. There are two races, the one with short hair, the hounds proper, and the other with long hair, like the setter and spaniel, and used as gun and water dogs ; the pointer seems to occupy an intermediate place between them. The faculties which make the hounds so useful in hunting must have existed in the original species, and have been cultivated in regard to special game according to the fancy of man; the blood, stag, and fox hounds have no intui- tive tendency to pursue respectively man, the deer, and the fox, and these only, but have been trained with great care to hunt a single game. The most ancient form of hound fig- ured upon the Egyptian monuments resembles much the bloodhound, which was formerly so much esteemed for its sagacity, strength, and olfactory acuteness. The bloodhound, once employed to trace felons, enemies, and fugi- tives, or to bring the huntsman to the retreat of a wounded animal, has been fully described under that title; it is now kept in civilized countries rather for show than use. The stag hound is but little smaller than the blood- hound, and like it is slow, sure, and steady ; in fact it is a mongrel bloodhound, the cross being either soihe greyhound or swift fox hound ; it has a large, rather short and sharp head, long hanging ears, muscular limbs, small feet, and tail carried high; the color is always more or less white with fulvous markings. Stag hunting, as performed in the fatiguing and cruel manner of the 17th and 18th centuries, is now rare, and this form of hound has be- come nearly if not entirely extinct. The fox hound of the present day is a perfect model of English Fox Hound. a hunting dog, and is a carefully bred cross between the bloodhound and the greyhound, probably with the intermixture of the southern English and perhaps other hounds; exactly how it has attained its present character it is impos- sible to determine. It is lower at the shoulders