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INTERLAKEN INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 321 interdicts, which are the severest forms of ec- clesiastical censure, are still imposed. IMKRLAKKV, or Interlaehen, a village of Switzerland, in the canton and 26 m. S. E. of the city of Bern ; pop. about 1,400. It is cele- brated for its charming situation near the left bank of the Aar, in the valley of Bodeli, be- tween the lakes of Brienz and Thun, with a view of the Jungfrau, and in the vicinity of some of the most picturesque scenery in Switz- erland. It is the starting point from which the Giessbach fall, the valley of Lauterbrun- nen with the Staubbach, and that of Grindel- wald with its glaciers, are usually explored by visitors, and is a favorite resort of a great Interlaken the Jungfrau in the distance. number of foreigners in summer, especially English. The village consists mainly of a line of grand hotels and numerous lodging houses, in front of which runs a magnificent avenue of huge walnut trees. Within a short distance of Interlaken are the old castle of Unspunnen and the ancient village of Unterseen. In 1859 the innkeepers established a Kursaal, like those at the German baths, with ball, concert, and reading rooms ; but the Bernese govern- ment interdicted gaming. In the season, from June to October, as many as 25,000 persons have visited Interlaken. INTERMITTENT FEVER. See FEVEKS. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION, an association of trades unions, designed for the mutual de- fence of working men's interests in all coun- tries. It originated at the time of the Polish in- surrection of 1863. The London working men sent a deputation to Lord Palmerston, asking for interference on behalf of Poland, and also convoked an indignation meeting at St. James's hall, London, in April of that year. The Paris working men sent over two deputies, Tolain and Fribourg, to this meeting; and from the conferences of these delegates with the leaders of the London working men sprang the idea of establishing the international association. A few weeks later George Odger, an unsuc- cessful working men's candidate for the house of commons, drew up a manifesto which was translated into French and spread among the working classes of the continent, inviting them to send delegates to a great inaugural meeting in the au- tumn holiday season (September, 1864). This gathering, which took place at St. Mar- tin's hall, was largely attended by working men of nearly every European country, and presided over by Prof. Edward Spen- cer Beesley. A gen- eral manifesto and the statutes, both drawn by Dr. Karl Marx, were approved for publication ; the as- sociation was declar- ed established, some funds were collected, a provisional com- mittee was appoint- ed, and Mr. Odger elected president of the association. Soon, however, this office having been declared incompatible with re- publican theories, the presidency was abolished, a chairman being elected at every weekly meeting of the general council, and Dr. Marx became the leading spirit of the association. The first continental strike in which the aid of the general council was ap- pealed to and granted was that of the Leipsic compositors and printers in April, 1865. But the statutes of the association were not consid- ered finally established until the first congress at Geneva (1866) had given them a definitive sanction, for three rival programmes were brought forward : that of Mazzini, highly cen- tralized, strongly conspiratory, and dealing much more with politics than with labor and capital ; a wild and desultory one of the Rus- sian Bakunin ; and the radical and revolution-