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326 INTO IODINE vasion of the barbarians the election of bishops depended on the voice of the clergy and peo- ple and the suffrage of the provincial prelates. In feudal times the tenure of church property was likened to that of lay fiefs ; bishops and abbots, like barons and knights, had to swear fealty and do homage to their lord paramount. The sovereign, to prevent the temporalities of an episcopal see or of an abbey from falling into the hands of his enemies, reserved to him- self the right of nomination, as well as that of confirmation by investiture. These claims were resisted by churchmen as encroachments on their priviijges. The general councils of Nice in 787 ana of Constantinople in 869 con- demned the nomination of bishops by lay authority. This condemnation was renewed in 1076 and 1080 by Gregory VII., and by Victor III. in 1087 at the council of Beneven- to, the latter placing under the ban of excom- munication both the laymen who exercised the right of investiture and the clerics who sub- mitted to it. But in spite of the decisions of popes and councils, the practice of investiture was continued by sovereigns. It was intro- duced into France and Germany by Charle- magne. The emperor Henry III. repeatedly enforced the right; and its exercise by the emperor Henry IV. was a chief ground of his quarrel with Gregory VII. The contest on this question between the popes and the em- perors continued into the succeeding century, when, by a concordat agreed upon at Worms between Calixtus II. and the emperor Henry V., the latter renounced for ever his claim to invest bishops with the ring and crosier. The French kings, however, long continued to ex- ercise a similar power, and the contests be- tween them and the popes on the subject at length resulted in a compromise by which the monarch relinquished the presentation of the symbols, but retained the right to confer in- vestiture by a written instrument. In Eng- land the controversy ended in a similar com- promise between Paschal II. and Henry I. INTO, a S. E. county of California, bounded E. by Nevada and W. by the Sierra Nevada mountains; area, 4,680 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,956, of whom 29 were Chinese. The Sierra Nevada here embraces several lofty peaks, among which is Mt. Whitney. The Inyo, Tel- escope, and Amargosa mountains are parallel ranges E. of Owen's river, which flows from the north into Owen's lake, a body of water 18 by 12 m. in extent. The valley of the river is from 15 to 25 m. wide, but only a strip 2 to 3 m. broad can be cultivated. This strip, em- bracing about 250,000 acres, is very fertile. Ar- gentiferous galena, gold, copper, sulphur, and tin are found. The chief productions in 1870 were 13,629 bushels of wheat, 22,915 of Indian corn, 2,175 of oats, 4,905 of barley, 6,336 of potatoes, 20,940 Ibs. of butter, and 1,456 tons of hay. There were 1,514 horses, 5,662 cat- tle, 521 sheep, and 688 swine ; 2 saw mills, and 12 quartz mills. Capital, Independence. 10, in Greek mythology, the daughter of Ina- chus, the founder of the worship of Juno at Argos, or according to others of Piren or Ja- sus. She was beloved by Jupiter, who on ac- count of Juno's jealousy changed her into a white heifer. Juno obtained from him the gift of the heifer, which she placed under the charge of Argus Panoptes in her grove at My- cenffi. Mercury, commissioned by Jupiter, was guided by a bird to Argus, slew him with a stone, and delivered lo. Thereupon Juno sent a gadfly, which tormented lo and pursued her in a state of frenzy over the whole earth, till at last she rested on the banks of the Nile, where she recovered the human form, bore a son to Jupiter named Epaphus, and, according to some accounts, introduced the worship of Isis, with whom she afterward became identi- fied. The fullest narrative of her wanderings is in the " Prometheus " of ^Eschylus. As usu- ally explained, lo represents the moon, and her wanderings the moon's phases ; Argus, the stars of heaven ; and Mercury, as the god of mists and clouds, is the Argus-slayer. IODINE (Gr. i<i%, violet-colored), an ele- mentary substance named from the color of its vapor, existing in various marine plants, the water of many mineral springs and of the ocean, the bittern of salt works, sponges, corals, and some rocks and minerals. It was discovered in manufacturing saltpetre by Courtois of Paris in 1812, and afterward examined and described by several chemists, but more particularly by Gay-Lussac (Annalei de chimie, vols. Ixxxviii., xc., and xci). It is represented by the symbol I; its chemical equivalent is 127. In its prep- aration it crystallizes either from solution or by sublimation in scales like those of micaceous iron, and in regular crystals of elongated octa- hedrons with rhomboidal base. These are brit- tle, opaque, bluish black, and of metallic lustre; their specific gravity is 4 - 95 ; they fuse at 225 F. into a dark liquid, and boil at 347, giving off deep purple and violet vapors. Iodine is also volatile at common temperatures, and when ex- posed to the air diffuses an odor like that of chlorine, the vapor irritating the nostrils and exciting cough. This is among the heaviest of aeriform bodies, its density being 8'7 times that of air. Alcohol, ether, and carbon disulphide dissolve iodine freely ; pure water takes up only about ^Vs f ^ ts weight of it, and thus acquires a yellowish or brown tinge. By adding nitrate or chloride of ammonium, common salt, or any of the iodides, to the water, its power of dissolving iodine is greatly increased, and tho solution then takes a very deep brown color. Iodine gives a yellow stain to the skin, which soon disappears. Though resembling chlorine in its combinations and some of its qualities, it has not the property of bleaching, and its chemical affinities are weaker. Its remarkable property of imparting a deep blue color to a mass or solution of starch serves as a distin- guishing test of extreme delicacy. The starch solution, if cold, will sensibly indicate the pres-