in which the author's fondness for monstrous caricature was carried to its height, did not attain so great a success. In 1869 he again refused to avail himself of the privilege of returning to France afforded him by the em- peror's proclamation of amnesty of Aug. 15. He published in the Rappel a protest against the plébiscite of May 8, 1870, ratifying the new reforms of the empire, the violence of which caused it to be officially condemned. After the fall of the emperor and the procla- mation of the republic lie returned to Paris, and soon after issued an address to the Ger- mans calling upon them to proclaim a Ger- man republic and extend the hand of friendship to France. On Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected one of the 43 representatives of the department of the Seine in the national assembly. He there vehemently opposed the parliamentary treaty of peace between France and Germany. This aroused against him the anger of the par- ty of "the right," and on March 8, when he attempted to address the assembly, the oppo- sition was so violent that he left the tribune and immediately resigned his seat. Returning to Paris when the insurrection of the commune broke out, he vainly protested in the Rappel against the destruction of the Vendôme col- umn, and soon after went to Brussels, where on May 26 ho wrote a letter protesting against the course of the Belgian government in re- gard to the insurgents of Paris, and offering an asylum to the soldiers of the commune. This excited the hostility of the Belgian gov- ernment and of the populace of Brussels; his house was surrounded in the night by a mob, and he escaped only by the intervention of the police. Being required by the government to quit Brnssels, he went to London, and after the condemnation of the leaders of the com- mune he returned to Paris and interceded with M. Thiers energetically, though vainly, in behalf of Rossel, Rochefort, and others of the communist leaders. At the election in Paris on Jan. 7, 1872, he was presented by all the radical newspapers as their candidate, but was defeated. During the siege of Paris a new edition of Les châtiments was published, and more than 100,000 copies were sold. In 1872 he published a volume of poetry entitled V Annie terrible, depicting the misfortunes of France. On May 10 of that year he com- menced, in company with his son Francois and others, the publication of a democratic journal called Le Peuple Souverain. His latest novel, Quatre-vingt-treize (1874), relates to the war in the Vendée, and introduces Robespierre, Danton, and Marat. It was published simul- taneously in French, English, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Hungarian, and other languages, Hugo deriving 80,000 francs from these translations alone. The latest edi- tion of Hugo's works, complete to the time of publication, was published in Paris in 1862-'3, in 20 vols. 12mo. Two of his sons, Charles Victor (born in 1826, died March 16, 1871), and François Victor (born in 1828, died Dec. 26, 1873), distinguished themselves as pupils of the Charlemagne college, and in 1848-'50 con- tributed to the newspaper L'Evénement, which supported the politics of their father. The- elder, on account of an article on the death penalty, was sentenced to six months' impris- onment. Both accompanied their father in his exile, and devoted their leisure hours to litera- ture. Charles published several light novels, among which La Boheme dorée was especially successful. Francois, after translating with considerable success the sonnets of Shake- speare into French, began in 1859 a translation of his dramatic works, which he completed in 1865. The brothers returned to France in 1869, and commenced the publication of the Rappel in company with Rochefort, who how- ever soon separated from them. Francois at the time of his death had nearly completed an edition of a posthumous work by his broth- er Charles, Les homines de l'exil. One of the two brothers of Victor Hugo, Jules Abel (born in 1798, died in 1855), deserves mention as a literary man. Among his many publica- tions were : Histoire de la campagne d'Espagne en 1823 (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1824); France pittoresque, on Description des departements et colonies de la France, &c. (3 vols. 4to, 1833) ; France militaire, histoire des armées françaises de terre et de mer de 1792 à 1833 (5 vols. 4to, 1834) ; and France historique et monumentale, histoire generale de France depuis let tempt les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (5 vols. 4to, with maps and plans, 1836-'43).
HUGENOTS, a name of uncertain origin, first applied by the Roman Catholics of France to all partisans of the reformation, but subse- quently restricted to the Calvinists. Some de- rive it from one of the gates of the city of Tours called Hugons, at which these Protestants held some of their first assemblies ; others from the words Huc nos, with which their protest commenced; others from aignos (Ger. Eidgenoss), a confederate. The Dictionnaire de Tr{subst:e'}}voux suggests its derivation from the hiding in secret places and appearing at night like King Hugon, the great hobgoblin of France. Prof. Mahn, in his Etymologische Untersuchungen, who quotes no fewer than 15 different deriva- tions, derives the word himself from Hugues, the name of some conspirator or heretic, from which it was formed by the addition of the French diminutive ending ot. The reformation in France was but little influenced by Luther, and before Calvin took the lead was almost entirely self-developing. " It was not," says D'Aubigné, "a foreign importation. It was horn on French soil ; it germinated in Paris ; it put forth its shoots in the university itself, that second authority in Romish Christendom." Anti-Catholic influences had been at work in France from an early age. Arianism had for several centuries been the prevailing religion of a part of southern France, and though it was finally rooted out by the victory of the
