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JAHDE JAIN'S 507 tion. It is sometimes called ounce (Port, onfa), a name properly pertaining to an Asiatic spe- cies. (See OUNCE.) JAHDE. See JADE. J ll.>, Friedrkh Lndwig, a German patriot, born at Lanz, Prussia, Aug. 11, 1778, died in Freiburg, Baden, Oct. 15, 1852. In 1809 he went to Berlin, became a teacher at the Kol- nisches gymnasium, and published Deutschcs VolkMum, in the style of his friend Fichte's appeal An die deutscne Nation. From patri- otic motives he established gymnasia where young men were fitted to endure the fatigues of war. From these gymnasia, which spread over Germany, is derived the Turnkunst or system of physical culture. In 1813 Jahn re- ceived the command of a battalion of volun- teers, with which he entered Paris. After the peace he returned to Berlin, where he deliv- ered a series of lectures distinguished for bold originality, and continued to labor for his gymnasia, which for a time were encouraged by government. But when it was found that he aimed at establishing a united Germany, and that his Turner schools were political and liberal clubs, they were all closed in 1819, and he was imprisoned successively in Span- dau, Kustrin, and Oolberg. Liberated after five years' confinement, he went to Freiburg, where he was a professor for many years. While there he received an invitation to be- come professor of German literature at Cam- bridge, Mass., which he declined, saying that " deer and hares love to live where they are most hunted." In 1848 he was a member of the national assembly at Frankfort. A monu- ment to him, on the Haasenheide, near Berlin, was formally unveiled Aug. 2, 1872. JAHN, Joliann, a German orientalist, born at Taswitz, Moravia, June 18, 1750, died in Vi- enna, Aug. 16, 1816. From his youth he was devoted to the study of the eastern languages. Having removed to Vienna, he was appointed professor of dogmatic theology and of oriental literature in the imperial university; but in 1806 he was compelled to resign on account of his heterodox opinions, and was appointed can- on of the metropolitan church of St. Stephen. He was the author of various philological and theological works, the most important of which are his Chaldean, Arabic, Syrian, and Hebrew grammars ; his Introductio in Libras Sacros Veteris Testamenti (1804; 3d ed., 1825; translated into English by Drs. Turner and Whittingham, New York, 1827); and his i- bli*c/ie Archaologie (2 vols., 1797-1800; trans- lated by Prof. Upham, Andover, 1839). JAHN, Otto, a German philologist, born in Kiel, June 16, 1813, died in Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1869. He studied in Kiel, Leipsic, Berlin, Paris, and Rome, and was successively profes- sor at Kiel, Greifswald, and Leipsic till 1851, when he was suspended on account of his liberalism in 1848-'9. In 1855 he was trans- ferred to Bonn. He was eminent as an ex- pounder of classical archaeology and philology. Among his numerous works are valuable edi- tions of Latin ckssics, instructive works re- lating to ancient Greek and Roman art, and a celebrated biography of Mozart (4 vols., Leip- sic, 1856-'9; 2d revised ed., 1867). He wrote an essay on Goethe's Iphiyenia, edited Goethe's letters to his Leipsic friends, and published Ludwig Uhland (1863), Gesammelte Aufsatee uber Mutilc (1866), Biographische Avfsatze (1867), and Aus der Alterthumswissenschaft (Bonn, 1868). .HII It. Georges Henri Gottlieb, a French physi- cian, born in Gotha, Germany, Jan. 30, 1801. After studying under Hahnemann, he took his degree of M. I), in Paris in 1840, and became a permanent resident of that city. Many of his numerous works have been published both in French and German, and translated into Eng- lish by Hempel and others. Among them are treatises on the homoeopathic treatment of cholera, of nervous and mental diseases, diseases of the skin, &c., and a "Homoeopathic Pharmacopeia." JAINS, or Jalnas, a religious sect of India, once dominant in the Deccan, now scattered over the whole peninsula. Their faith is a mix- ture of Brahmanism and Buddhism, and vari- ous accounts are given of its origin. Some suppose that it preceded the rise of Buddhism, but its history can hardly be traced to the 2d century A. D. On the Coromandel coast it was introduced in the 8th or 9th century, in the reign of Amoghversha, king of Tonda Mundalam. The compiler of the Jain Puranas of the Deccan is said to have written at the end of the 9th century. Hema Chandra, one of the greatest scribes of the Jains, flourished in the latter part of the 12th century, to which time also the composition of the Kalpa Sutra must be assigned. About 1174 the Jain faith became that of the ruling dynasty of western Marwar and the territory subject to the princes of Guzerat. Numerous temples, caves, and in- scriptions of ancient date are ascribed to the Jains, but it is scarcely possible to determine their age and nature. True Jaina caves occur at Khandagiri in Cuttack, and especially in the southern parts of India. A number of colossal figures, 30 to 40 ft. high, cut in the rocks of Gwalior Fort, are by some supposed to date from about the 10th or 12th century B. C., which is of course a matter of great doubt. Five Jain images in marble have been dug up at Ajmeer, with a Prakrit inscription and a date corresponding to A. D. 1182 on one of them. The principal seats of the Jains at present are the mountains Aboo and Girnar in Guzerat. At the latter place are the most ancient of their temples, some of them mag- nificent in structure; and at Mount Aboo is their most sacred shrine in Guzerat. The li- braries of Jessulmeer, Anhuhvarra, Cambay, and other places contain thousands of volumes of Jain literature. The Oswal tribe, so called from Ossi, their first settlement, professing the Jain tenets, are one of the most influential