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JAN MAYEN JANSENIUS 527 or sailors, and liostangis or imperial private guards, were also ready for attacking the jani- zaries. " Burned alive in their barracks, can- nonaded in the At Meidan, where they made their most desperate defence, massacred singly in the streets during three months, the re- mainder were condemned to exile." About 25,000 janizaries were thus killed, and they have never been reorganized. See Macfar- lane's " Constantinople in 1828," and Precis histoi'igue de la destruction du corps des ja- nizaires, translated from the Turkish by Caus- sin de Perceval (Paris, 1833). JAN MAYEJf, a volcanic island in the Arctic ocean, situated between Iceland and Spitzber- gen, about 200 m. from the E. coast of Green- land. It contains the snow-clad volcano Bee- renberg, nearly 7,000 ft. high, covered by large glaciers and frozen waterfalls. Another active volcano, the Esk (1,500 ft. high), was discov- ered by Scoresby in 1817. The island was dis- covered by the Dutch navigator Jan Mayen in 1611. It is not habitable, abounds in bears, foxes, and sea fowl, and is described by Lord Dufferin in his " Letters from High Latitudes." JANNEQEIN, (lenient, a French musician of the 16th century, popularly known as Clemens non Papa. The dates of his birth and death are uncertain ; he lived in the reign of Francis I. His earlier compositions were for the Cath- olic and his later ones for the Reformed church. Most of them were for four voices. They were full of originality and invention, and many of them of great difficulty. JAN SAHIB, a Hindoo poetess, born at Fur- ruckabad in 1820. She received a superior education, and became proficient in letters, in music, and in the Persian language. She pub- lished in 1846 at Lucknow, where she resides, a collection of poems (Divan), which are great- ly admired by her countrymen. J IVSEMIS (JANSEN), Cornelias, a Dutch theo- logian, born at Akoi, near Leerdam, Oct. 28, 1585, died in Ypres, May 6, 1638. He studied theology at the university of Lonvain, which unwaveringly adhered to the Augustinian system of Baius (died 1589), though 76 prop- ositions of it had been condemned in 1567 by the see of Rome. After studying and teach- ing at Paris and Bayonne, he became in 1617 president of the Pulcheria college at Louvain, where he lectured on theology, and in 1630 professor of theology at the univer- sity. I* 1635 he was made bishop of Ypres. The writings of Augustine against the Pela- gians he read 30 times, and his other writings 10 times. Like Baius he adopted the Augus- tinian doctrine of grace in its strictest sense, and was therefore opposed to the theological views of the Jesuits, whom he prevented from lecturing at Louvain on philosophy. He be- lieved that the Catholic church of his time had in this and in other points departed from the doctrines of the old church, and therefore in 1621 projected, with his friend Duvergier de Hauranne, abbot of St. Cyran, the plan of a 447 VOL. is. 34 reformation, Jansenitis taking the doctrine and St. Cyran the constitution and the religious life as their respective fields of labor. Irish clergy- men of high standing and the heads of the French Oratorians favored this plan. In spite of the violent opposition of the Jesuits and the inquisition, he was sustained throughout his controversies by the Spanish government ; and he confirmed his influence at Madrid by twice visiting that city (1624-'5). Jansenius commenced his work on the doctrine of Augus- tine in 1627, and had hardly finished it when he died. On his deathbed he recommended to his friends its publication, which the Jes- uits and the papal nuncio at Cologne, antici- pating the renewal of a violent controversy, strove to prevent. It appeared (3 vols. fol.), under the auspices of the university, and the editorial care of Liberus Froidmont and Ka- len, in 1640, with the title Augustinus, seu Doctrina Augustini de Humana Natures Sani- tate, ^Egritudine et Medicina, adversus Pela- gianos et Massilienses, and was soon reprinted at Paris (1641) and Rouen (1643). The work sets forth the Augustinian doctrine of irre- sistible grace and absolute election or rejection, mostly in the words of Augustine ; it rejects the use of reason in religious questions, desig- nates philosophy as the mother of all heresy, defends Baius, and accuses the Jesuits in gon- eral, and in particular Fonseca, Lessius, Molina, and others, of semi-Pelagianism. The Jesuits attacked the work as repeating the condemned propositions of Baius, and Urban VIII. in 1642 condemned it as heretical by the hull In eminenti, and placed it on the prohibitory in- dex. The name JANSENIBTS is commonly ap- plied to those Christians who, in France par- ticularly, considered the opinions of Jansenius the true doctrine of the Catholic church, not- withstanding their condemnation by all the popes since 1642. In Holland, where they al- ways maintained their hierarchical organiza- tion in spite of the censures of the Roman see, they called themselves the Old Episcopal or Old Catholic church, a designation which has recently been adopted also in some parts of Germany. The friends of Jansenius in the Netherlands, among whom were several bish- ops and nearly all the professors of the univer- sities, submitted after some hesitation to the hull In eminenti in 1647. A greater resistance was made in France, where St. Cyran, An- toine Arnauld, his sister Ang61ique, the abbess of the Cistercian convent of Port Royal, Pas- cal, and a community of scholars who lived in the manner of the ancient anchorets in the vicinity of Port Royal des Champs (messieurs de Port Royal des Champs'), took their stand in favor of Jansenius. When Innocent X. in 1653 denounced five propositions in the works of Jansenius as heretical, a majority of the Jansenists denied that these propositions had been understood by the author in the sense in which they were condemned. Alexander VII., however, in 1 656 demanded of the French clergy