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JENGIS KHAN JEXNER 603 high position in German literature, particular- ly in philosophy. Reinhold, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel were all connected with it. Among the eminent scholars and poets who have held office in the university were Voss and the brothers Schlegcl ; among naturalists, Oken ; in chemistry, Guttling and Dobereiner ; in the- ology, Danov, Griesbaeh, Eichhorn, and Pau- lus ; in jurisprudence, Feuerbach and Thibaut. In the middle of the 18th century the atten- dance of students fluctuated between 2,000 and 3,000 ; at the end of that century there were 'still about 1,000. The student associations (BurschenseJiaftcn) and political agitations in 1815-'19, as well as the fact that the student Sand happened to be at Jena shortly before his assassination of Kotzebue, and the competition of the new universities, greatly injured the prosperity of Jena, and the attendance has since declined to 580, although the different duchies which support it have increased in their solicitude for its welfare. The number of pro- fessors in 1874 was 65, among whom were some of the first scholars of Germany, as Hase and Hilgenfeld in the theological, and Kuno Fischer and Haeckel in the philosophical facul- ty. The first literary periodical in Germany was established in Jena in 1785. After its re- moval to Halle, it was followed from 1804 to 1842 by the Jenauche Literaturzeitung, and since by the Neue Jenauche Liter aturzeitung, which after being discontinued for some time was revived in 1874. Jena has also several private educational institutions, a musical union, and a society for the study of Thuringian his- tory and archeology, founded in 1852. A memorable battle was fought near Jena, Oct. 14, 1806, between the Prussian and Saxon army and the French. Napoleon's victory at Jena, says Schlosser, destroyed one half of the Prus- sian army, while Davoust gained on the same day a much more glorious victory over the oth- er at Anerstadt. Prince Hohenlohe command- ed the Germans at Jena, and Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick at Auerstadt, where he received a mortal wound shortly after the opening of the battle. This double defeat brought about the complete prostration of Prussia. JEXGIS KHAN. See GENGHIS KHAN. JEMSEI. See YENISEI. JEN1VER, Edward, an English physician, born at Berkeley, Gloucestershire, May 17, 1749, died there, Jan. 26, 1823. He was the third son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, vicar of Berke- ley, and, having evinced a taste for the study of natural history and medicine, he was appren- ticed at the age of 14 to a surgeon in Sudbury, near Bristol, with whom lie remained seven years. At the age of 21 he went to London and became a pupil of John Hunter, then rising into eminence as a surgeon and physiol- ogist, with whom he remained two years, and between whom and himself a lasting friendship was established. In the interval he was em- ployed, at the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, to arrange the specimens of natural his- tory brought back by Capt. Cook from his first voyage of discovery ; and he received the ap- pointment of naturalist to the expedition which sailed in 1772. He declined this offer, and in 1773 returned to Berkeley, where he established himself as a surgeon. In 1792 he procured from the Scottish university of St. Andrews the degree of M. D., and thenceforth devoted him- self to the practice of medicine. As early as during his apprenticeship at Sudbury his atten- tion had been directed to the subject of a pre- ventive of smallpox, by hearing a young coun- trywoman, who had come to his master's sur- gery for advice, say that she could not take that disease because she had already had the cowpox. Upon inquiry he ascertained that in Gloucestershire persons engaged in milking cows frequently had the cowpox, a mild disor- der of the eruptive kind appearing on the ud- der of the animal, and communicated in a sim- ilar form to their hands ; that it had never been known to prove fatal when thus communica- ted; and that the belief was common among the agricultural classes that whoever had taken the disease was secure against the infection of smallpox. He immediately commenced a seri- ous examination, and was soon led to conjec- ture that cowpox, as the milder disease, might advantageously supersede the inoculated small- pox, which had been introduced about 50 years before ; and that as the latter is rendered less virulent by inoculation, so the former, intro- duced in the same way, might be milder than the casual complaint, and yet retain its protect- ing power. Upon going to London in 1770 he communicated this conjecture to Hunter, who made public mention of it in his lectures, but advised his pupil " not to think, but try." Upon returning to Berkeley he pursued the subject for many years, making a thorough study of varioloid eruptions. It was not until after frequent experiments that he ascertained that only one form of the eruption on the cow's udder had the property of protecting from the smallpox, and such was his faith in his discovery that several of these experiments- were made upon his own son, a boy under six years of age. During all this time he met with little encouragement from physicians. Hav- ing satisfied himself of the efficacy of inocula- tion with the virus of the cowpox to prevent the smallpox, he next ascertained with equal certainty that the former disease could be com- municated from one human being to another, without having recourse to the original vaccine matter. On May 14, 1796, he vaccinated a boy eight years of age with virus taken from a pustule on the hand of a milkmaid, who had been infected by her master's cow. On July 1 the boy was inoculated for the smallpox, and, as Jenner had predicted, without the slightest effect ; and he lived to be inoculated 20 times for the smallpox, with the same result in each case. For two years afterward he continued his experiments in this direction, and in 1798 went to London. His reception was disheart-