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G22 JERUSALEM JERUSALEM CHERRY 000 Moslems. Godfrey was elected ruler of Jerusalem, and his brother and successor as- sumed the title of king. In 1187 Saladin, sul- tan of Egypt, marched against the city, sum- moned it to surrender, and promised the in- habitants rich lands in Syria; but his pro- posals were rejected with scorn. Upon this he swore to avenge the Moslem blood shed by the soldiers of Godfrey, and to demolish the towers. The Christians resisted bravely for 12 days, but at last were conquered. Saladin, however, did not carry out his threat of mas- sacre, but contented himself with expelling the Christians from the city, granting them 40 days to remove their effects, and assisting many of the poor and helpless on their depart- ure. Jerusalem again passed into the hands of the Franks by treaty in 1229, was reta- ken by the Moslems in 1239, once more re- stored in 1243, and finally conquered in 1244 by a horde of Kharesmian Turks, who had overrun Asia Minor. In 1517 Palestine was conquered by Sultan Selim I., and since then Jerusalem has been under the rule of the Otto- man empire. From 1832 to 1840 Palestine was in the hands of Mehemet All, pasha of Egypt, and Jerusalem was governed by his son Ibrahim Pasha. Previous to the Egyptian in- vasion Palestine was distracted with anarchy, and but nominally ruled by the Turks. When Ibrahim Pasha took possession of Jerusalem his first acts were to restore order in the city and country. He did his utmost to protect the Christians and Jews against the oppressions of the Moslems, and granted them many privi- leges. Safety was restored, the roads were cleared of robbers, and commerce revived. (See PALESTINE, and HEBREWS.) See Robin- son, " Biblical Researches " (3 vols. 8vo, Bos- ton, 1841), and " Later Researches " (8vo, 1856); Bartlett, "Walks about Jerusalem" (8vo, London, 1845) ; Fergusson, " Ancient To- pography of Jerusalem" (London, 1847), " Site of the Holy Sepulchre" (1861), and " The Ho- ly Sepulchre and the Temple " (1865) ; Pou- joulat, Histoire de Jerusalem (2 vols., 2d ed., Paris, 1848) ; Thrupp, " Ancient Jerusalem " (Cambridge, England, 1855); Barclay, "The City of the Great King " (Philadelphia, 1857) ; Tobler, Planographie ton Jerusalem (Gotha, 1858) ; Lewin, " Jerusalem to the Siege by Ti- tus " (London, 1861) ; Sepp, Jerusalem und das Tieilige Land (Schaffhausen, 1862) ; Sandie, " Horeb and Jerusalem " (Edinburgh, 1864) ; Pi- erotti, "Jerusalem Explored," translated from the French by T. G. Bonney (London, 1864); De Vogue, Le temple de Jerusalem (fol., Paris, 1864-'5) ; De Saulcy, Voyage en Terre-Sainte (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1865) ; Wilson, " Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem " (3 vols. fol., London, 1865-'7); Wilson and Warren, "The Recov- ery of Jerusalem " (8vo, London, 1871 ; popu- lar edition, "Our Work in Palestine," 1873); and Wolff, Jerusalem, nacli eigener Anschau- ung und den neuesten ForscTiungen geschildert (3d ed., including his latest investigations, Leipsic, 1872). See also the works referred to under PALESTINE. JKIU SAI.I.1I, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm, a Ger- man theologian, born in Osnabruck, Nov. 22, 1709, died Sept. 2, 1789. He was appointed in 1740 preacher to Duke Charles of Brunswick, and in 1742 became tutor of the hereditary prince. In 1752 he was placed in charge of a theological seminary established by the Protes- tants in the former convent of Ridagshausen. He declined the appointment of chancellor of the university of Gottingen. He was one of the best preachers of Germany. The suicide of his son Karl Wilhelm suggested to Goethe the catastrophe of the " Sorrows of Werther." JERUSALEM CHEBBY, a name given to two species of solanum which are cultivated for the ornamental character of their fruit. The old- est and best known of these is S. pseudo-capsi- cum, which was introduced into England from Madeira in 1596; it is a half shrubby house plant, and when properly treated has a hand- Jerusalem Cherry. some rounded head upon a stalk 1 or 2 ft. high; it has lance-oblong leaves and white flowers; the small and inconspicuous flowers are succeeded by bright red berries about the size of cherries, which are borne in great pro- fusion and render the plant very ornamental. It is usually raised from seeds, but may be grown from cuttings; if the seeds are sown in early spring and the plants kept growing rapidly, they will produce fruit the following winter. It is supposed that the name Jerusalem was applied to this, as it formerly was to other plants, more to indicate its foreign origin than with reference to the country from which it came. The dwarf Jerusalem cherry is S. cap- sicastrum, which is only about half as tall as the other, and its berries are more orange than scarlet ; there is a form of this with variegated leaves. In England these plants are raised in large quantities for Christmas and table dec-