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638 JET JEWEL (Berlin, 1845-'63), Schenckel (1864), and Keim (1867-'71). A humanitarian view is presented by W. II. Furness in "Jesus and his Biogra- phers" (Philadelphia, 1838), and "Jesus" (1870). The Vie de notre seigneur Jesus- Christ, by the abbe Brispot (Paris, 1850- '53), presents the Roman Catholic view. A volume of " Historical Lectures on the Life of Christ," by C. J. Ellicott (London, 1859), is a popular work, while the notes appended consider most of the points under critical discussion. The "Life of our Lord upon Earth," by Samuel J. Andrews (New York, 1863), considers only the outward events of the life of Jesus, but is a thorough discussion of these. A new impulse was given to this department of study by the Vie de Jems of Ernest Renan (Paris, 1863), which considered the gospel story as a legendary romance. A reply by E. de Pressens6, entitled U&cole cri- tique de Jesm- Christ, appeared the same year, followed by Jesus- Christ, son temps, sa me, son (euvre (Paris, 1866), by the same author; while a multitude of volumes and essays on the sub- ject appeared in Europe and America. Among the works of more recent importance or popu- lar interest are those of G. Uhlhorn, Die mo- dernen Darstellungen des Lebens Jesu (Hano- ver, 1866; English translation, Boston, 1868); J. R. Seeley, "Ecce Homo" (London, 1866); Z. Eddy, "Immanuel" (Springfield, 1868); William Hanna, "Life of Christ" (Edinburgh, 1869); Lyman Abbott, "Jesus of Nazareth: His Life and Teachings" (New York, 1869); Howard Crosby, "Jesus, his Life and Works" (New York, 1871); Lewis Mercier, "Outlines of the Life of the Lord Jesus Christ " (London, 1871); Sir George Stephen, "Life of Christ" (London, 1871); Henry Ward Beecher, "Life of Jesus the Christ'! (New York, 1871 et teg.') ; Charles F. Deems, D. D., " Jesus " (New York. 1872); and F. W. Farrar, "Life of Christ" (London, 1874). The principal works on the harmony and chronology of the Gospels are those of Lightfoot (1655), Macknight (1756), Bengel (1736), Newcome (1778), Greswell (1830), Wieseler (1843), Robinson (1845; revis- ed ed., 1851), Jarvis(1845), Tischendorf (1851), Strong (1852), Stroud (1853), and G. W. Clark (1868). Other works deserving of mention are those of Stier, Die Beden des Herrn Jesu (1843-'8; English translation, Edinburgh, 1859); tlllmann, Die Sundlosigkeit Jem (1841 ; Eng- lish translation, Edinburgh, 1841); Schaff, "The Person of Christ" (Boston, 1865); Liddon, " Bampton Lectures of the Divinity of Christ " (London, 1867) ; and Plumptre, " Christ and Christendom" (London, 1867). A life of Christ according to the apocryphal gospels has been published by R. Hofmann (Das Leben Jesu naeh den Apokryphen, Leipsic, 1851). JET, a variety of lignite, resembling cannel coal, but harder, of deeper black, and of more brilliant lustre. It is found in detached pieces in tertiary clays along the coast of Yorkshire, England, and in various places on the continent of Europe. From its susceptibility of taking a fine polish and its intense blackness, it has been largely used for mourning articles of or- nament, as buttons, crosses, and ear rings. JETER, Jeremiah I!., an American clergyman, born in Bedford co., Va., July 18, 1802. He entered the Baptist ministry in his native coun- ty in 1822, and removed m 1827 to the " North- ern Neck " of Virginia, where he was pastor of the Maratico church in Lancaster co., and of the Nicomico church in Northumberland co. In 1836 he became pastor of the first Baptist church in Richmond, and in 1849 ac- cepted an invitation from the second church in St. Louis. In 1852 he returned to Rich- mond to fill the pulpit of the Grace street Bap- tist church. He is the author of a "Memoir of the Rev. Abner W. Clopton," the "Life of Mrs. Henrietta Shuck," a "Memoir of the Rev. Andrew Broaddus," the " Christian Mir- ror," " Campbellism Examined " (1845), and "The Seal of Heaven" (1871). He also, in conjunction with the Rev. Richard Fuller, compiled " The Psalmist," a hymn book in general use among the Baptists. JETSAM. See FLOTSAM. JEVONS, William Stanley, an English author, born in Liverpool in 1835. He was educated at University college, London, and in 1854 re- ceived an appointment in the mint at Sydney, Australia, where he remained five years. He then visited the United States, returned to England, and took the master's degree at the university of London in 1862. In 1866 he be- came professor of logic and mental and moral philosophy, and lecturer on political economy, in Owens college, Manchester. In 1872 he was elected a member of the royal society of London. He has published a pamphlet demon- strating the depreciation of the precious met- als in consequence of the discoveries in Cali- fornia and Australia (1863) ; " The Coal Ques- tion " (1865), pointing out the probable exhaus- tion of the British coal mines, and the neces- sity of reducing the national debt ; "Elementary Lessons in Logic " (1870) ; " Theory of Politi- cal Economy" (1871), containing an attempt to reduce the science to a mathematical form, and to explain the laws of supply and demand by the aid of the differential calculus ; " The Principles of Science" (1874), in which some new views of the value of the reasoning pro- cesses are put forth, and syllogistic operations are shown to be practicable by mechanism. JEW, The Wandering. See WANDERING JEW. JEWEL, or Jewell, Jolm, an English bishop, born at Buden, Devonshire, May 24, 1522, died at Monkton Farleigh, Wiltshire, Sept. 22, 1571. He finished his education at Oxford, became tutor there, and labored assiduously to dissemi- nate the principles of the reformation among his pupils, but did not make a public profes- sion of Protestantism till after the accession of Edward VI. He was expelled from Oxford in the reign of Mary, fled to the continent to escape imprisonment, and at the invitation of