Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/663

JOANNA JOB 643 this charge by consenting to cede Avignon to the holy see for a permanent possession, on payment of 80,000 gold florins, and on condi- tion that the pope should formally proclaim her innocence and the validity of her new mar- riage. In the mean time the king of Hungary retired from Naples, leaving a strong garrison behind him ; and this was soon after removed, through the mediation of the pope. Louis of Taranto died in 1362, and Joanna married in 1363 James of Aragon, king of Majorca, who left her soon after and returned to his home in Spain, where lie died in 1376. Joanna now married a fourth husband, Otho of Brunswick, and by this gave offence to Duke Charles of Durazzo, whose wife was heir presumptive to the throne. In 1378, when the rival popes Clement VII. and Urban VI. contested the papal see, Joanna declared for Clement. Ur- ban in revenge immediately summoned the duke of Durazzo and proclaimed his right to the throne of Naples. Acting under the ad- vice of Clement, Joanna made a special will, making the second son of the king of France her heir, and entirely disinheriting the duke and his wife. These events gave Charles of Durazzo the pretext for which he had long wished. He invaded Joanna's territory, met with little opposition from the people, ad- vanced to Naples, captured the queen in the castle, and sent her a prisoner to Muro. Here she was placed at the disposition of the king of Hungary, who ordered her immediate exe- cution. She was smothered with pillows, in revenge for the method of Andrew's assassina- tion. II. Queen of Naples, grandniece of the preceding, and daughter of Duke Charles of Du- razzo, born about 1370, died in 1435. Married when young to William of Austria, and several years after left a widow, she succeeded her brother Ladislas in 1414. Since her husband's death she had maintained a secret connection with Count Pandolfello Alopo, and this she now continued without attempt at conceal- ment, appointing her favorite to the highest offices and giving him virtual control of the affairs of the kingdom. She was finally per- suaded by her councillors, however, to marry again, and chose as her husband Jacques de Bourbon, count of La Marche. Joanna's mar- riage did not put an end to her dissolute man- ner of life; and her husband, detecting her infidelity, rid the court of her favorites, had Pandolfellg publicly beheaded, and sent the queen into retirement. An apparent recon- ciliation soon followed, but Joanna was no sooner allowed to resume her place at court than she succeeded by a stratagem in impris- oning her husband in one of the Neapolitan forts, from which he escaped with difficulty only to retire from the country, and to enter a monastery in Burgundy. The rule of favor- ites now began again, and the history of her reign for some years is little more than a rec- ord of intrigues, which, with the hatred of the people throughout the kingdom, gave rise to constant feuds at court and insurrections in the country. The strife of parties was aug- mented by the conflicts between Louis III. of Anjou and Alfonso of Aragon, who claimed the succession to the throne. Joanna decided first for Alfonso, and then reversed her deci- sion, and on Louis III.'s death changed her choice to another member of the Anjou house. Alfonso, however, was able to seize the throne, to which he succeeded in spite of his testa- mentary exclusion. JOANNES, Island of. See MARAJ&. JOANJTV, a French actor, whose real name was JEAN BAPTISTB BERNARD BRISSEBANE, born in Dijon, July 2, 1775, died in Paris, Jan. 5, 1849. He was a royal page, a student of art, a soldier, and a clerk in the civil service, before he ap- peared on the stage in 1797, where he acquired a reputation next to that of Talma, whom he succeeded at the Comedie Francaise in 1826. He excelled in personating Corneille's old Ro- mans, and in Othello and kindred parts ; and Victor Hugo ascribed the success of his play Le roi s'amuse to his acting. He retired in 1841, and published poetry and prose writings. JOB, Book of, one of the canonical books of the Old Testament, so called from the name of the patriarch whose history it contains. Ac- cording to the narrative contained in the in- troductory chapter, Job dwelt in the land of Uz (probably in the northern part of Arabia Deserta), was a man of eminent probity and piety, blessed with great riches in camels, sheep, and cattle, and highly reputed among the surrounding people. But God permitted Satan to put his virtue to the test. His oxen were stolen by the Sabasans, his sheep were consumed by fire from heaven, his camels were carried away by the Chaldeans, and his sons and daughters perished amid the ruins of a house overthrown by a whirlwind. He bore these ca- lamities without repining, saying : " The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed be the name of the Lord." Then Satan was permitted to afflict his person. He was smitten with a terrible disease, and his wife counselled him to "curse God, and die" (properly ren- dered, according to Gesenius and others, " bless God"). Three friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar, informed of his misfortunes, came to console him. The book consists chiefly of dis- cussions between Job and his consolers on the question : Why do the righteous suffer ? The burden of their argument, which is afterward taken up with some variation by another friend, Elihu, is that calamities are in propor- tion to sins, and that Job must have been guilty of great transgressions, or he would not be made to suffer so severely. They therefore admonish him to confess and repent of the guilt of which by his misfortunes he stands convicted. Job maintains, in opposition, that his afflictions are greater than his faults, that upright men are sometimes greatly afflicted, that God's justice does not always appear in the government of the world, and that he some-